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Intro; Preface; Contents; About the Editors; Part I: Root Symbioses; 1: Synthetic Plasmids to Challenge Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Between Rhizobia and Legumes; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Formation of Effective Nodules on Legume Roots; 1.1.2 Genes of Rhizobia Modulating Nodule Formation and Invasion; 1.1.3 From Specific to Promiscuous Symbioses; 1.1.4 Are Many Keys Responsible for ``Much Harmony?́́; 1.2 A Forward Genetic Approach to Study Nodulation Genes; 1.2.1 pMSym2: A Small Replicon That Confers Nodulation to Recipient Bacteria
1.3 pMSym2: A Successful Step Towards Constructing Synthetic Symbiotic RepliconsReferences; 2: In Vivo Analysis of Rhizosphere Enzyme Activities by the Use of Plastic Syringes; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Description of the Method and Discussion; 2.3 Conclusions and Outlook; References; 3: Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Communities in Roots of Vineyard Plants; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Approaches, Techniques and Results; 3.2.1 Root Sampling in Vineyard; 3.2.2 DNA Extraction; 3.2.3 Amplification of AMF Phylogenetic Marker
3.2.4 High-Throughput Sequencing, Data Processing and Community Analysis3.3 Discussion/Conclusions; References; 4: Molecular Methods for Research on Actinorhiza; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Actinorhizal Plants; 4.1.2 The Actinomycete Frankia; 4.1.3 Development of Actinorhizae, the Actinorhizal Nodules; 4.1.4 Specific Issues; 4.2 Approaches, Techniques, and Results; 4.2.1 Plant Side; 4.2.1.1 Growing Actinorhizal Plants; 4.2.1.2 Nodulation Experiments; Nodulation in Hydroponics; Spot Inoculation; Split Root Culture System; 4.2.1.3 Functional Genomics; Nucleic Acid Extraction
Plant Genomic Resources4.2.1.4 Genetic Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants; Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants (Stable); Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants (Hairy Root); 4.2.1.5 Imaging the Early Stages of Frankia Colonization and Associated Host Responses in Living Tissues; 4.2.2 Bacterial Side; 4.2.2.1 Frankia Cultivation and Isolation; 4.2.2.2 Molecular and ``Omics ́́Tools to Study the Bacterial Partner Frankia; 4.2.3 Molecular Tools Used to Analyze Abiotic Stresses on Actinorhizal Plants
4.3 Conclusions and OutlookReferences; 5: Molecular and Functional Characterization of Beneficial Bacteria Associated with AMF Spores; 5.1 Introduction; 5.1.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi; 5.1.2 Bacteria Associated with AMF Spores and Their Functional Roles; 5.2 Approaches, Techniques, and Results; 5.2.1 Fungal Material and Spore Collection; 5.2.2 Culture-Independent Approaches for the Detection of Bacteria Strictly Associated with AMF Spores; 5.2.2.1 Techniques; 5.2.2.2 Results; 5.2.3 Culture-Dependent Approaches for the Quantification of Bacteria Associated with AMF Spores
1.3 pMSym2: A Successful Step Towards Constructing Synthetic Symbiotic RepliconsReferences; 2: In Vivo Analysis of Rhizosphere Enzyme Activities by the Use of Plastic Syringes; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Description of the Method and Discussion; 2.3 Conclusions and Outlook; References; 3: Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Communities in Roots of Vineyard Plants; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Approaches, Techniques and Results; 3.2.1 Root Sampling in Vineyard; 3.2.2 DNA Extraction; 3.2.3 Amplification of AMF Phylogenetic Marker
3.2.4 High-Throughput Sequencing, Data Processing and Community Analysis3.3 Discussion/Conclusions; References; 4: Molecular Methods for Research on Actinorhiza; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Actinorhizal Plants; 4.1.2 The Actinomycete Frankia; 4.1.3 Development of Actinorhizae, the Actinorhizal Nodules; 4.1.4 Specific Issues; 4.2 Approaches, Techniques, and Results; 4.2.1 Plant Side; 4.2.1.1 Growing Actinorhizal Plants; 4.2.1.2 Nodulation Experiments; Nodulation in Hydroponics; Spot Inoculation; Split Root Culture System; 4.2.1.3 Functional Genomics; Nucleic Acid Extraction
Plant Genomic Resources4.2.1.4 Genetic Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants; Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants (Stable); Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants (Hairy Root); 4.2.1.5 Imaging the Early Stages of Frankia Colonization and Associated Host Responses in Living Tissues; 4.2.2 Bacterial Side; 4.2.2.1 Frankia Cultivation and Isolation; 4.2.2.2 Molecular and ``Omics ́́Tools to Study the Bacterial Partner Frankia; 4.2.3 Molecular Tools Used to Analyze Abiotic Stresses on Actinorhizal Plants
4.3 Conclusions and OutlookReferences; 5: Molecular and Functional Characterization of Beneficial Bacteria Associated with AMF Spores; 5.1 Introduction; 5.1.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi; 5.1.2 Bacteria Associated with AMF Spores and Their Functional Roles; 5.2 Approaches, Techniques, and Results; 5.2.1 Fungal Material and Spore Collection; 5.2.2 Culture-Independent Approaches for the Detection of Bacteria Strictly Associated with AMF Spores; 5.2.2.1 Techniques; 5.2.2.2 Results; 5.2.3 Culture-Dependent Approaches for the Quantification of Bacteria Associated with AMF Spores