Intro; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Symbols, Acronyms and Abbreviations; Parameters; 1 Road Tunnels Risk Analysis; 1.1 Risk and Its Components; 1.2 Risk Analysis Method; 1.3 Risk Representation and Acceptance; References; 2 Background of Modelling Approaches and Tools; 2.1 QRAM Software; 2.2 Theoretical Basis for the Egress Model; 2.2.1 Pre-movement Time; 2.2.2 Choice of the Emergency Exit; 2.2.3 Movement Speed; 2.3 Existing Egress Models; 2.3.1 EvacTunnel; 2.3.2 GridFlow; 2.3.3 STEPS; 2.3.4 PathFinder; 2.3.5 FDS + Evac; References; 3 Model Structure

3.1 Event Tree Analysis and Frequencies of Occurrence of Accidental Scenarios3.2 Position of the Accidental Scenarios; 3.2.1 Probability of Occurrence of Accidents for the Different Positions Along the Tunnel; References; 4 Tunnel Infrastructure Measures, Equipment and Management Procedures; 4.1 Interdependence Between the Measures; 4.2 Independent Measures; 5 Queue Formation Model; 5.1 Queue Formation Speed; 5.1.1 Time Required for the Queue to Reach the Tunnel Entrance; 5.1.2 Tunnel Closing Time; 5.1.3 Distance Between the Vehicles Stopped in the Queue; 5.1.4 Queue Length

5.1.5 Case 1: Queue Length Longer Than the Upstream Tunnel Section5.1.6 Case 2: Queue Length Shorter Than the Upstream Tunnel Section; 5.1.7 Number of Potentially Exposed Tunnel Users; 6 Distribution Model of Potentially Exposed Users; 6.1 Evaluation of the Evacuation Distance; 7 Consequence Analysis of the Accidental Scenarios; 7.1 Quantification of the Consequences of the Accidents; 7.1.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics for Fire Safety and Accident Analysis; 7.2 Zone Models; 7.2.1 Zone Model Software for Tunnel Fires; References; 8 Egress Model of Tunnel Users; 8.1 Tunnel Zone Model

8.1.1 Analysis of Zone 1-Z1S8.1.2 Analysis of Zone 2-Z2S; 8.2 Egress Time; 8.2.1 Pre-movement Time; 8.2.2 Movement Time; 8.3 Procedure for the Evaluation of Users' Tenability; 8.3.1 Comparison Between ASET and Pre-movement Time; 8.3.2 Dynamic Comparison Between Tenability and Users Egress Times; 9 Calculation of the F-N Curve and the Expected Damage Value; 10 Model Calibration and Validation; 10.1 Model Calibration; 10.2 Sensitivity Analysis; 10.2.1 Tunnel Average Daily Traffic-ADT; 10.2.2 Reference Movement Speed-vbase of the Tunnel Users

10.2.3 Reference Recognition and Response Times, and Time Taken to Exit the Vehicle10.2.4 Tenability Threshold Temperature-Tpmax; 10.2.5 Frequency of Occurrence of Fires and Dangerous Goods Release; 10.2.6 Effect of the Length of the Discretization Cell; 10.2.7 Reference Tunnel Closing Time; 10.2.8 Distance Between the Emergency Exits; 10.2.9 Number of Positions; 10.2.10 Percentage of Buses on the Total Traffic and Buses Occupancy Rate; 10.2.11 Reliability Parameter Tied to Measure Availability; 10.2.12 Tunnel Infrastructure Measures, Equipment and Management Procedures