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Table of Contents
The Comparative Study of Public Opinion 3
Choosing Nations to Compare 4
A New Style of Citizen Politics 6
Part 1 Politics and the Public 11
2 The Nature of Mass Beliefs 13
The Supercitizen 13
The Unsophisticated Citizen 14
Elitist Theory of Democracy 17
Political Sophistication Reconsidered 18
Politics and the Public 28
3 How We Participate 32
Modes of Participation 33
Voting 36
Campaign Activity 40
Direct Contacting 44
Communal Activity 45
Protest and Contentious Action 48
Wired Activism 52
Changing Publics and Political Participation 53
4 Who Participates? 57
The Civic Voluntarism Model 57
Who Votes? 59
Campaign Activity 64
Direct Contacting 65
Communal Activity 66
Who Protests? 66
Internet Activism 69
Comparing the Correlates of Different Activities 70
Participation and Contemporary Democracies 72
Part 2 Political Orientations 77
5 Values in Change 79
The Nature of Value Change 80
The Distribution of Values 84
The Process of Value Change 86
The Consequences of Value Change 91
Value Change and Value Stability 93
6 Issues and Ideological Orientations 97
Domestic Policy Opinions 98
Foreign Policy Opinions 113
Left/Right Orientations 115
Public Opinion and Political Change 117
Part 3 The Electoral Connection 121
7 Elections and Political Parties 123
An Overview of Four Party Systems 124
The History of Party Systems 128
The Structure of Political Alignments 132
Contemporary Party Systems 139
8 The Social Bases of Party Support 143
The Social Group Model of Voting 143
Social Class and the Vote 145
Why Is Class Voting Decreasing? 151
Religion and the Vote 152
Other Social Group Differences 160
New Politics and the Vote 161
The Transformation of Social Cleavages 166
9 Partisanship and Voting 170
A Sociopsychological Model of Voting 170
Partisan Attitudes 172
Learning Partisanship 174
The Impact of Partisanship 178
Partisan Dealignment 180
Consequences of Dealignment 183
Causes of Dealignment 185
Politics in a Dealigned Era 189
10 Attitudes and Electoral Behavior 193
Principles of Issue Voting 194
Position Issues and the Vote 198
Performance Issues and the Vote 205
Candidate Images and the Vote 207
The End of the Causal Funnel 208
One Electorate or Many? 211
Citizen Politics and Voting Behavior 213
11 Political Representation 218
Collective Correspondence 219
Dyadic Correspondence 223
The Party Government Model 226
Patterns of Political Representation 231
Part 4 Democracy and the Future 235
12 Citizens and the Democratic Process 237
Aspects of Political Support 239
Declining Confidence in Authorities 241
Views of Political Institutions 244
Support for a Democratic Regime 248
Community Support 250
Dissatisfied Democrats 251
Appendix A Statistical Primer 261
Appendix B Major Data Sources 267
Appendix C 2004 International Social Survey Codebook 272.
Choosing Nations to Compare 4
A New Style of Citizen Politics 6
Part 1 Politics and the Public 11
2 The Nature of Mass Beliefs 13
The Supercitizen 13
The Unsophisticated Citizen 14
Elitist Theory of Democracy 17
Political Sophistication Reconsidered 18
Politics and the Public 28
3 How We Participate 32
Modes of Participation 33
Voting 36
Campaign Activity 40
Direct Contacting 44
Communal Activity 45
Protest and Contentious Action 48
Wired Activism 52
Changing Publics and Political Participation 53
4 Who Participates? 57
The Civic Voluntarism Model 57
Who Votes? 59
Campaign Activity 64
Direct Contacting 65
Communal Activity 66
Who Protests? 66
Internet Activism 69
Comparing the Correlates of Different Activities 70
Participation and Contemporary Democracies 72
Part 2 Political Orientations 77
5 Values in Change 79
The Nature of Value Change 80
The Distribution of Values 84
The Process of Value Change 86
The Consequences of Value Change 91
Value Change and Value Stability 93
6 Issues and Ideological Orientations 97
Domestic Policy Opinions 98
Foreign Policy Opinions 113
Left/Right Orientations 115
Public Opinion and Political Change 117
Part 3 The Electoral Connection 121
7 Elections and Political Parties 123
An Overview of Four Party Systems 124
The History of Party Systems 128
The Structure of Political Alignments 132
Contemporary Party Systems 139
8 The Social Bases of Party Support 143
The Social Group Model of Voting 143
Social Class and the Vote 145
Why Is Class Voting Decreasing? 151
Religion and the Vote 152
Other Social Group Differences 160
New Politics and the Vote 161
The Transformation of Social Cleavages 166
9 Partisanship and Voting 170
A Sociopsychological Model of Voting 170
Partisan Attitudes 172
Learning Partisanship 174
The Impact of Partisanship 178
Partisan Dealignment 180
Consequences of Dealignment 183
Causes of Dealignment 185
Politics in a Dealigned Era 189
10 Attitudes and Electoral Behavior 193
Principles of Issue Voting 194
Position Issues and the Vote 198
Performance Issues and the Vote 205
Candidate Images and the Vote 207
The End of the Causal Funnel 208
One Electorate or Many? 211
Citizen Politics and Voting Behavior 213
11 Political Representation 218
Collective Correspondence 219
Dyadic Correspondence 223
The Party Government Model 226
Patterns of Political Representation 231
Part 4 Democracy and the Future 235
12 Citizens and the Democratic Process 237
Aspects of Political Support 239
Declining Confidence in Authorities 241
Views of Political Institutions 244
Support for a Democratic Regime 248
Community Support 250
Dissatisfied Democrats 251
Appendix A Statistical Primer 261
Appendix B Major Data Sources 267
Appendix C 2004 International Social Survey Codebook 272.