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Table of Contents
Intro; Contents; Abbreviations; List of Tables; Introduction; Part I Corruption, Extent, Causes and Consequences; 1 Definition, Amount, and Coverage; 1 Definition; 1.1 Public Officials; 1.2 Illegality; 1.3 Payments and Benefits; 2 Amount; 3 Coverage; 4 Politics; 4.1 Bureaucracy; 4.2 Justice; 4.3 Media; 4.4 Education; 4.5 Medical; 4.6 Water; 5 Conclusion; References; 2 Measurement Issues; 1 Measurement Issues; 2 Selected Indicators; 2.1 Corruption Perceptions Index; 2.2 International Country Risk Guide; 2.3 Worldwide Governance Indicators; 2.4 World Enterprise Surveys; 2.5 Criticisms.
2.6 Comparative Analysis of the Indicators3 Perception Versus Experience; 3.1 Reasons for the Divergence; 3.2 Evidence of Divergence; 4 Persistence of Corruption; 4.1 Evidence of Persistence; 4.2 Explanations of Persistence: Conceptual Discussion and Empirical Evidence; 5 Conclusion; References; 3 Causes; 1 Conceptual Analysis; 1.1 Characteristics of the Country: Geography and History; 1.2 Characteristics of Institutions: Democracy, Functioning of Democracy, and Decentralization; 1.3 Characteristics of the Society and Citizens: Culture, Values, and Gender.
1.4 Characteristics of the Economy: Regulatory Quality, Economic Competition, and Economic Development1.5 Characteristics of the Corruption System: Systemic Corruption; 2 Empirical Evidence; 2.1 Characteristics of the Country: Geography and History; 2.2 Characteristics of Institutions: Democracy, Functioning of Democracy, and Decentralization; 2.3 Characteristics of the Society and Citizens: Culture, Values, and Gender; 2.4 Characteristics of the Economy: Regulatory Quality, Economic Competition, and Economic Development; 2.5 Characteristics of the Corruption System: Systemic Corruption.
3 ConclusionReferences; 4 Consequences; 1 Conceptual Analysis; 1.1 Unconditional Economic Effects; 1.2 Unconditional Non-economic Effects; 1.3 Conditional Effects: "Greasing" Versus "Sanding" the Wheels; 2 Evidence: Economic Effects; 2.1 Unconditional Effects; 2.2 Conditional Effects; 3 Evidence: Non-economic Effects; 4 Conclusion; References; Part II Anti-corruption Strategies: The Role of the State; 5 Democracy; 1 Expected Impacts of Democracy on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Democracy on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 6 Electoral Rules.
1 Expected Impacts of Electoral Rules on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Electoral Rules on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 7 Decentralization; 1 Expected Impacts of Decentralization on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Decentralization on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 8 Regulation; 1 Expected Impacts of Regulation on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Regulation on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 9 Justice; 1 Expected Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Structural and Procedural Aspects; 2 Actual Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Structural and Procedural Aspects.
2.6 Comparative Analysis of the Indicators3 Perception Versus Experience; 3.1 Reasons for the Divergence; 3.2 Evidence of Divergence; 4 Persistence of Corruption; 4.1 Evidence of Persistence; 4.2 Explanations of Persistence: Conceptual Discussion and Empirical Evidence; 5 Conclusion; References; 3 Causes; 1 Conceptual Analysis; 1.1 Characteristics of the Country: Geography and History; 1.2 Characteristics of Institutions: Democracy, Functioning of Democracy, and Decentralization; 1.3 Characteristics of the Society and Citizens: Culture, Values, and Gender.
1.4 Characteristics of the Economy: Regulatory Quality, Economic Competition, and Economic Development1.5 Characteristics of the Corruption System: Systemic Corruption; 2 Empirical Evidence; 2.1 Characteristics of the Country: Geography and History; 2.2 Characteristics of Institutions: Democracy, Functioning of Democracy, and Decentralization; 2.3 Characteristics of the Society and Citizens: Culture, Values, and Gender; 2.4 Characteristics of the Economy: Regulatory Quality, Economic Competition, and Economic Development; 2.5 Characteristics of the Corruption System: Systemic Corruption.
3 ConclusionReferences; 4 Consequences; 1 Conceptual Analysis; 1.1 Unconditional Economic Effects; 1.2 Unconditional Non-economic Effects; 1.3 Conditional Effects: "Greasing" Versus "Sanding" the Wheels; 2 Evidence: Economic Effects; 2.1 Unconditional Effects; 2.2 Conditional Effects; 3 Evidence: Non-economic Effects; 4 Conclusion; References; Part II Anti-corruption Strategies: The Role of the State; 5 Democracy; 1 Expected Impacts of Democracy on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Democracy on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 6 Electoral Rules.
1 Expected Impacts of Electoral Rules on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Electoral Rules on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 7 Decentralization; 1 Expected Impacts of Decentralization on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Decentralization on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 8 Regulation; 1 Expected Impacts of Regulation on Corruption; 2 Actual Impacts of Regulation on Corruption; 3 Conclusion; References; 9 Justice; 1 Expected Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Structural and Procedural Aspects; 2 Actual Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Structural and Procedural Aspects.