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Intro; Contents; About The Editor; 1: Choroidal Nevus; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Prevalence; 1.3 Clinical Features; 1.3.1 Low-Risk Choroidal Nevus; 1.3.2 High-Risk Choroidal Nevus; 1.3.3 Halo Nevus; 1.3.4 Giant Nevus; 1.4 Imaging; 1.4.1 Ultrasonography; 1.4.2 Fluorescein Angiography; 1.4.3 Indocyanine Green Angiography; 1.4.4 Optical Coherence Tomography; 1.4.5 Fundus Autofluorescence; 1.4.6 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography; 1.5 Risk Factors; 1.5.1 Risk for Vision Loss; 1.5.2 Risk for Growth into Melanoma; 1.6 Management; 1.6.1 Observation
1.6.2 Management of Subretinal Fluid1.6.3 Management of Choroidal Neovascularization; 1.6.4 Management of Growth into Melanoma; References; 2: Choroidal Melanoma; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Demographics; 2.3 Symptoms; 2.4 Predisposing Factors; 2.5 Clinical Features; 2.6 Classification; 2.7 Diagnostic Testing; 2.8 Cytogenetics; 2.9 Management; 2.10 Prognosis; 2.11 Pseudomelanoma; 2.12 Summary; References; 3: Choroidal Metastasis; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Epidemiology; 3.3 Clinical Features; 3.4 Diagnostic Evaluation; 3.4.1 Color Photography; 3.4.2 Fundus Autofluorescence
3.4.3 Fluorescein Angiography3.4.4 Ultrasonography; 3.4.5 Optical Coherence Tomography; 3.4.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography; 3.4.7 Ocular Tumor Biopsy; 3.4.8 Systemic Assessment; 3.5 Differential Diagnosis; 3.6 Management; 3.6.1 Systemic Treatment; 3.6.2 Ocular Radiotherapy; 3.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy; 3.6.4 Transpupillary Thermotherapy; 3.6.5 Intravitreal Antiangiogenic Therapy; 3.6.6 Surgical Resection; 3.7 Prognosis; 3.8 Conclusions; References; 4: Choroidal Hemangioma; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma; 4.2.1 Clinical Features
4.2.2 Diagnosis4.2.2.1 Fundus Photograph; 4.2.2.2 Fluorescein Angiography; 4.2.2.3 Indocyanine Green Angiography; 4.2.2.4 Ultrasonography; 4.2.2.5 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT); 4.2.2.6 Fundus Autofluorescence; 4.2.2.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); 4.2.3 Differential Diagnosis; 4.2.4 Management; 4.2.4.1 Laser Photocoagulation; 4.2.4.2 Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT); 4.2.4.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT); 4.2.4.4 Radiotherapy; 4.2.4.5 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF; 4.2.4.6 Systemic Propranolol; 4.3 Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma; 4.3.1 Clinical Features; 4.3.2 Diagnosis
4.3.3 ManagementReferences; 5: Choroidal Osteoma; 6: Retinal Vascular Tumors; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Retinal Capillary Hemangioma; 6.2.1 Clinical Features; 6.2.2 Diagnosis; 6.2.3 Management; 6.2.4 Systemic Associations; 6.3 Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma; 6.3.1 Clinical Features; 6.3.2 Diagnosis; 6.3.3 Management; 6.3.4 Systemic Associations; 6.4 Racemose Hemangioma; 6.4.1 Clinical Features; 6.4.2 Diagnosis; 6.4.3 Management; 6.4.4 Systemic Associations; References; 7: Vasoproliferative Tumors of the Retina; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Clinical Features; 7.3 Classification
1.6.2 Management of Subretinal Fluid1.6.3 Management of Choroidal Neovascularization; 1.6.4 Management of Growth into Melanoma; References; 2: Choroidal Melanoma; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Demographics; 2.3 Symptoms; 2.4 Predisposing Factors; 2.5 Clinical Features; 2.6 Classification; 2.7 Diagnostic Testing; 2.8 Cytogenetics; 2.9 Management; 2.10 Prognosis; 2.11 Pseudomelanoma; 2.12 Summary; References; 3: Choroidal Metastasis; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Epidemiology; 3.3 Clinical Features; 3.4 Diagnostic Evaluation; 3.4.1 Color Photography; 3.4.2 Fundus Autofluorescence
3.4.3 Fluorescein Angiography3.4.4 Ultrasonography; 3.4.5 Optical Coherence Tomography; 3.4.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography; 3.4.7 Ocular Tumor Biopsy; 3.4.8 Systemic Assessment; 3.5 Differential Diagnosis; 3.6 Management; 3.6.1 Systemic Treatment; 3.6.2 Ocular Radiotherapy; 3.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy; 3.6.4 Transpupillary Thermotherapy; 3.6.5 Intravitreal Antiangiogenic Therapy; 3.6.6 Surgical Resection; 3.7 Prognosis; 3.8 Conclusions; References; 4: Choroidal Hemangioma; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma; 4.2.1 Clinical Features
4.2.2 Diagnosis4.2.2.1 Fundus Photograph; 4.2.2.2 Fluorescein Angiography; 4.2.2.3 Indocyanine Green Angiography; 4.2.2.4 Ultrasonography; 4.2.2.5 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT); 4.2.2.6 Fundus Autofluorescence; 4.2.2.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); 4.2.3 Differential Diagnosis; 4.2.4 Management; 4.2.4.1 Laser Photocoagulation; 4.2.4.2 Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT); 4.2.4.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT); 4.2.4.4 Radiotherapy; 4.2.4.5 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF; 4.2.4.6 Systemic Propranolol; 4.3 Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma; 4.3.1 Clinical Features; 4.3.2 Diagnosis
4.3.3 ManagementReferences; 5: Choroidal Osteoma; 6: Retinal Vascular Tumors; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Retinal Capillary Hemangioma; 6.2.1 Clinical Features; 6.2.2 Diagnosis; 6.2.3 Management; 6.2.4 Systemic Associations; 6.3 Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma; 6.3.1 Clinical Features; 6.3.2 Diagnosis; 6.3.3 Management; 6.3.4 Systemic Associations; 6.4 Racemose Hemangioma; 6.4.1 Clinical Features; 6.4.2 Diagnosis; 6.4.3 Management; 6.4.4 Systemic Associations; References; 7: Vasoproliferative Tumors of the Retina; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Clinical Features; 7.3 Classification