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Intro; Preface; Contents; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Formation of VCEs; 1.2.1 Gas Release; 1.2.2 Dispersion and Ventilation; 1.3 Ignition; 1.4 Combustion Properties of Fuel-Air Mixtures; 1.5 Deflagrations and Detonations; 1.5.1 Deflagrations; 1.5.2 Detonation; 1.5.3 Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT); 1.6 Facility Conditions; 1.7 Overpressure Prediction; References; 2 VCE Overpressure Prediction Using Empirical Methods; 2.1 TNT Equivalency Model; 2.2 TNO Multi-Energy Model; 2.3 Baker-Strehlow-Tang Model; 2.4 Applications of Empirical Models Using PHAST
2.4.1 Introduction to DNV PHAST2.4.2 Case Study; 2.5 Summary; References; 3 VCE Overpressure Prediction by CFD Modelling; 3.1 Methodology of CFD Simulation; 3.1.1 Fluid Flow Equations; 3.1.2 Stoichiometry; 3.1.3 Thermodynamic Relationships; 3.1.4 Ignition Process; 3.1.5 Geometry Counting and Porosity Calculations; 3.1.6 Boundary Conditions; 3.2 Modelling Turbulence and Combustion; 3.2.1 Turbulence Model; 3.2.2 Combustion Model; 3.3 Numerical Procedure; 3.3.1 Conservation Equations in Finite Domain; 3.3.2 Finite Domain Calculations; 3.3.3 The Continuity and Momentum Equations in Finite Domain
3.3.4 Calculation Procedure3.4 Simulation Flow Chart; 3.5 Simulation Examples; 3.5.1 Geometry; 3.5.2 Definition of Grid and Calculation of Porosities; 3.5.3 Gas Dispersion Simulation; 3.5.4 Gas Explosion Simulation; 3.6 Summary; References; 4 CFD-Based Overpressure Prediction for Single Modules-Extended GAME Correlation; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The GAME Correlations and CFD Case Studies; 4.2.1 GAME Correlations; 4.2.2 Modules Tested in CFD Simulations; 4.2.3 Verification of GAME Correlation by Case Study; 4.3 Parametric Studies and Development of a New Correlation
4.3.1 Conceptual Definition of Confinement and Congestion4.3.2 Definition of Parameters; 4.3.3 Proposition of New Correlation; 4.3.4 Verification of the New Correlation; 4.3.5 Discussions; 4.4 Evaluation of Explosion Overpressures in Irregularly Structured Configurations Using New Correlation; 4.4.1 Definition of Regularity or Irregularity of Confinement and Congestion; 4.4.2 Application of CSC to Irregularly Arranged Modules; 4.4.3 Rapid Prediction of Structural Damage; 4.5 Summary; References; 5 CFD-Based Overpressure Prediction for Double Modules-Data-Dump Technique; 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Numerical Models for Separated Congestions in Double Modules5.2.1 Experimental Set-up; 5.2.2 CFD Modelling Using FLACS; 5.3 Results and Discussions; 5.3.1 Gas Explosion Overpressures with a Small Separation Distance in the Double Modules; 5.3.2 Gas Explosion Overpressures with a Large Separation Distance in the Double Modules; 5.3.3 Data-Dump Technique; 5.4 Summary; References; 6 CFD-Based Overpressure Prediction for Congested Multi-Modules-Safety Gap Effect; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Numerical Models; 6.2.1 Ship-Shaped FLNG; 6.2.2 Cylindrical FLNG; 6.3 Safety Gap Effect on Gas Explosion
2.4.1 Introduction to DNV PHAST2.4.2 Case Study; 2.5 Summary; References; 3 VCE Overpressure Prediction by CFD Modelling; 3.1 Methodology of CFD Simulation; 3.1.1 Fluid Flow Equations; 3.1.2 Stoichiometry; 3.1.3 Thermodynamic Relationships; 3.1.4 Ignition Process; 3.1.5 Geometry Counting and Porosity Calculations; 3.1.6 Boundary Conditions; 3.2 Modelling Turbulence and Combustion; 3.2.1 Turbulence Model; 3.2.2 Combustion Model; 3.3 Numerical Procedure; 3.3.1 Conservation Equations in Finite Domain; 3.3.2 Finite Domain Calculations; 3.3.3 The Continuity and Momentum Equations in Finite Domain
3.3.4 Calculation Procedure3.4 Simulation Flow Chart; 3.5 Simulation Examples; 3.5.1 Geometry; 3.5.2 Definition of Grid and Calculation of Porosities; 3.5.3 Gas Dispersion Simulation; 3.5.4 Gas Explosion Simulation; 3.6 Summary; References; 4 CFD-Based Overpressure Prediction for Single Modules-Extended GAME Correlation; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The GAME Correlations and CFD Case Studies; 4.2.1 GAME Correlations; 4.2.2 Modules Tested in CFD Simulations; 4.2.3 Verification of GAME Correlation by Case Study; 4.3 Parametric Studies and Development of a New Correlation
4.3.1 Conceptual Definition of Confinement and Congestion4.3.2 Definition of Parameters; 4.3.3 Proposition of New Correlation; 4.3.4 Verification of the New Correlation; 4.3.5 Discussions; 4.4 Evaluation of Explosion Overpressures in Irregularly Structured Configurations Using New Correlation; 4.4.1 Definition of Regularity or Irregularity of Confinement and Congestion; 4.4.2 Application of CSC to Irregularly Arranged Modules; 4.4.3 Rapid Prediction of Structural Damage; 4.5 Summary; References; 5 CFD-Based Overpressure Prediction for Double Modules-Data-Dump Technique; 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Numerical Models for Separated Congestions in Double Modules5.2.1 Experimental Set-up; 5.2.2 CFD Modelling Using FLACS; 5.3 Results and Discussions; 5.3.1 Gas Explosion Overpressures with a Small Separation Distance in the Double Modules; 5.3.2 Gas Explosion Overpressures with a Large Separation Distance in the Double Modules; 5.3.3 Data-Dump Technique; 5.4 Summary; References; 6 CFD-Based Overpressure Prediction for Congested Multi-Modules-Safety Gap Effect; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Numerical Models; 6.2.1 Ship-Shaped FLNG; 6.2.2 Cylindrical FLNG; 6.3 Safety Gap Effect on Gas Explosion