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Intro; Preface 1; Preface 2; Contents; About the Editors; 1: Neurotropic Viruses; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Arboviruses; 1.2.1 Alphaviruses; 1.2.1.1 Eastern Equine Encephalitis; 1.2.1.2 Western Equine Encephalitis Virus; 1.2.1.3 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus; 1.2.1.4 Potential as Biothreat Agents; 1.2.1.5 Medical Countermeasures; 1.2.2 Flaviviruses; 1.2.2.1 Japanese Encephalitis Serocomplex; Japanese Encephalitis Virus; West Nile Virus; 1.2.2.2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Serocomplex; 1.2.2.3 Potential as Biothreat Agents; 1.2.2.4 Medical Countermeasures; 1.2.3 Henipaviruses
1.2.3.1 Potential as Biothreat Agents1.2.3.2 Medical Countermeasures; 1.2.4 Lyssaviruses; 1.2.4.1 Potential as Biothreat Agent; 1.2.4.2 Medical Countermeasures; 1.3 Summary; References; 2: Overview of Human Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Arenaviridae; 2.1.1.1 Old World Mammarenaviruses; 2.1.1.2 New World Mammarenaviruses; 2.1.2 Bunyavirales; 2.1.2.1 Hantaviruses; 2.1.2.2 Nairoviruses; 2.1.2.3 Phenuiviruses; 2.1.3 Filoviridae; 2.1.4 Flaviviridae; 2.2 Biodefense Considerations; References; 3: Variola Virus: Clinical, Molecular, and Bioterrorism Perspectives; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism Concerns3.3 Virology; 3.3.1 Classification; 3.3.2 Morphology; 3.3.3 Genome; 3.3.4 Life Cycle; 3.3.5 Life Cycle: Entry; 3.3.6 Life Cycle: Early Gene Expression; 3.3.7 Life Cycle: DNA Replication; 3.3.8 Life Cycle: Intermediate and Late Gene Expression, Morphogenesis, and Dissemination; 3.4 Smallpox Clinical Illness; 3.4.1 Clinical Classification of Variola Major Infections; 3.4.1.1 Ordinary Type; 3.4.1.2 Modified Type; 3.4.1.3 Flat Type; 3.4.1.4 Hemorrhagic Type; 3.4.2 Clinical Classification of Variola Minor Infections; 3.5 Smallpox Pathogenesis
3.5.1 Viral Entry and Infection3.5.2 Viral Dissemination; 3.5.3 Clinical and Anatomic Pathology; 3.5.4 Smallpox Pathogenesis in Animals; 3.6 Diagnosis; 3.6.1 Clinical Diagnosis; 3.6.2 Laboratory Diagnosis; 3.7 Prophylaxis; 3.7.1 First-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.2 Second-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.3 Third-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.4 Fourth-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.5 Oral and Inactivated Vaccines; 3.7.6 Global Stockpile of Smallpox Vaccines; 3.8 Therapeutics; 3.8.1 Overview; 3.8.2 Passive Immunization; 3.8.3 DNA Synthesis Inhibitors; 3.8.4 Viral Maturation Inhibitors; 3.8.5 Viral Egress Inhibitors
3.8.6 Host-Directed Drugs and Other Drugs3.8.7 Prophylaxis and Therapeutics: Future Directions; 3.9 Summary/Conclusions; References; 4: Viral Therapeutics; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis; 4.3 Recently Approved Substances and Substances for Provisional Use Against Potentially High Consequence Viral Infections; 4.4 Inhibitors of Virus Attachment to Host Cell Membrane and Membrane Receptors, Inhibitors of Cell Entry; 4.5 RNA-Silencing and Antisense Oligomer Therapy; 4.6 Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers (PMOs); 4.7 Targeting Hemorrhagic Disease Components
1.2.3.1 Potential as Biothreat Agents1.2.3.2 Medical Countermeasures; 1.2.4 Lyssaviruses; 1.2.4.1 Potential as Biothreat Agent; 1.2.4.2 Medical Countermeasures; 1.3 Summary; References; 2: Overview of Human Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Arenaviridae; 2.1.1.1 Old World Mammarenaviruses; 2.1.1.2 New World Mammarenaviruses; 2.1.2 Bunyavirales; 2.1.2.1 Hantaviruses; 2.1.2.2 Nairoviruses; 2.1.2.3 Phenuiviruses; 2.1.3 Filoviridae; 2.1.4 Flaviviridae; 2.2 Biodefense Considerations; References; 3: Variola Virus: Clinical, Molecular, and Bioterrorism Perspectives; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism Concerns3.3 Virology; 3.3.1 Classification; 3.3.2 Morphology; 3.3.3 Genome; 3.3.4 Life Cycle; 3.3.5 Life Cycle: Entry; 3.3.6 Life Cycle: Early Gene Expression; 3.3.7 Life Cycle: DNA Replication; 3.3.8 Life Cycle: Intermediate and Late Gene Expression, Morphogenesis, and Dissemination; 3.4 Smallpox Clinical Illness; 3.4.1 Clinical Classification of Variola Major Infections; 3.4.1.1 Ordinary Type; 3.4.1.2 Modified Type; 3.4.1.3 Flat Type; 3.4.1.4 Hemorrhagic Type; 3.4.2 Clinical Classification of Variola Minor Infections; 3.5 Smallpox Pathogenesis
3.5.1 Viral Entry and Infection3.5.2 Viral Dissemination; 3.5.3 Clinical and Anatomic Pathology; 3.5.4 Smallpox Pathogenesis in Animals; 3.6 Diagnosis; 3.6.1 Clinical Diagnosis; 3.6.2 Laboratory Diagnosis; 3.7 Prophylaxis; 3.7.1 First-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.2 Second-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.3 Third-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.4 Fourth-Generation Vaccines; 3.7.5 Oral and Inactivated Vaccines; 3.7.6 Global Stockpile of Smallpox Vaccines; 3.8 Therapeutics; 3.8.1 Overview; 3.8.2 Passive Immunization; 3.8.3 DNA Synthesis Inhibitors; 3.8.4 Viral Maturation Inhibitors; 3.8.5 Viral Egress Inhibitors
3.8.6 Host-Directed Drugs and Other Drugs3.8.7 Prophylaxis and Therapeutics: Future Directions; 3.9 Summary/Conclusions; References; 4: Viral Therapeutics; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis; 4.3 Recently Approved Substances and Substances for Provisional Use Against Potentially High Consequence Viral Infections; 4.4 Inhibitors of Virus Attachment to Host Cell Membrane and Membrane Receptors, Inhibitors of Cell Entry; 4.5 RNA-Silencing and Antisense Oligomer Therapy; 4.6 Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers (PMOs); 4.7 Targeting Hemorrhagic Disease Components