Intro; Preface; Contents; 1: Examination of the Patellofemoral Joint; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Standing; 1.2.1 Static Examination; 1.2.2 Dynamic Examination; 1.3 Sitting; 1.3.1 Static Examination; 1.3.2 Dynamic Examination; 1.4 Supine; 1.5 Conclusions; References; 2: Imaging of the Patellofemoral Joint; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Plain Radiographs; 2.2.1 Anteroposterior (AP) View; 2.2.2 Lateral View; 2.2.2.1 Patellar Height; Patellotibial Indices (Fig. 2.2); Insall-Salvati [4]; Modified Insall-Salvati [5]; Caton-Deschamps [6]; Blackburne and Peel [7]

Patellofemoral or Trochlear Indices (Fig. 2.3)Bernageau [10]; Chareancholvanich and Narkbunnam [11]; 2.2.2.2 Trochlear Dysplasia; Crossing Sign; Trochlear Bump and Supratrochlear Spur; Double Contour Sign; 2.2.2.3 Patella; 2.2.3 Skyline View; 2.3 Computed Tomography (CT); 2.3.1 Evaluation of Trochlea; 2.3.2 Evaluation of Patella; 2.3.3 Rotational Measurements; 2.3.3.1 Femoral Anteversion; 2.3.3.2 External Tibial Torsion; 2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); 2.4.1 Evaluation of Cartilage and Soft Tissue; 2.4.2 Trochlear Dysplasia; 2.4.2.1 Trochlear Depth (mm)

2.4.2.2 Sulcus Angle (°)2.4.2.3 Trochlear Facet Asymmetry (%); 2.4.2.4 Lateral Trochlear Inclination (°); 2.4.2.5 Ventral Trochlear Prominence; 2.4.3 Patellar Tilt (°); 2.4.4 TT-TG Distance; 2.4.5 Patellar Height; 2.5 Conclusions; References; 3: Acute Patellar Instability in Children; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Anatomy and Predisposing Factors; 3.3 Mechanism of Injury; 3.4 Assessment; 3.4.1 Radiological Assessment; 3.5 Treatment; 3.5.1 Operative Treatment; 3.6 Outcome; 3.7 Conclusion; References; 4: Acute Lateral Patellar Dislocation in Adults; 4.1 Introduction

4.2 Patellar Stabilizers and Physiology4.2.1 Osseous Constraints; 4.2.2 Soft Tissue Constraints; 4.3 Mechanism of Injury and Presentation; 4.4 Radiographic Evaluation; 4.5 Treatment; 4.5.1 Nonoperative Treatment; 4.5.2 Operative Treatment; 4.6 Conclusions; References; 5: Recurrent Lateral Dislocation of the Patella in Children; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Etiology; 5.2.1 Anatomic Abnormalities of the Patellofemoral Joint; 5.2.1.1 Trochlear Dysplasia; 5.2.1.2 Patella Alta; 5.2.2 Factors that Increase the Lateral Vector Forces Acting over the Patella

5.2.3 Factors that Decrease the Medial Restraining Forces5.2.3.1 Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL) Insufficiency; 5.2.3.2 Vastus Medialis Weakness; 5.3 Natural History; 5.4 Physical Examination; 5.5 Imaging; 5.6 Treatment; 5.6.1 MPFL Reconstruction; 5.6.2 Distal Realignment: Roux-Goldthwait Procedure; 5.6.3 Guided Growth for Correcting Genu Valgum; 5.6.4 Trochleoplasty; 5.6.5 Lateral Retinaculum Release; 5.7 Special Situations; 5.7.1 Congenital Dislocation of the Patella; 5.7.2 Down Syndrome; 5.7.3 Nail-Patella Syndrome; 5.8 Conclusions; References