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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Contents; 1 Unused Mineral Insulating Oil; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Mineral Oil; 1.3 Classification of Mineral Oil Based on Application; 1.3.1 Transformers Oil; 1.3.2 Switchgear Oil in Low Temperatures; 1.4 Additives; 1.5 Special Cases; 1.6 Analysis of Potentially Corrosive Sulphur; 1.7 Oil Contamination; References; 2 In-Service Mineral Insulating Oil; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Oil Monitoring and Purification; 2.3 Oil Ageing and Degradation; 2.4 Oil Tests; 2.4.1 Color and Appearance; 2.4.2 Breakdown Voltage; 2.4.3 Water Content; 2.4.4 Water in the Insulation System; 2.4.5 Acidity
2.4.6 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) and Resistivity2.4.7 Additives and Oxidation Stability; 2.4.8 Sludge and Sediment; 2.4.9 Interfacial Tension; 2.4.10 Particle Content; 2.4.11 FlashPoint; 2.4.12 Compatibility of Insulating Oil; 2.4.13 Pour Point; 2.4.14 Density; 2.4.15 Viscosity; 2.4.16 PCB; 2.4.17 Corrosive Sulphur; 2.4.18 Dibenzyl Disulphides (DBDS); 2.4.19 Passivators; 2.5 In-Service Oil Monitoring; 2.5.1 Uninhibited Oil Monitoring; 2.5.2 Inhibited Oil Monitoring; 2.6 Time Schedule of Sampling and Testing In-Service Oil; 2.7 Available On-Site Tests
2.8 Classification of Operating Oil2.9 Corrective Actions; 2.10 Purification; 2.10.1 Physical Purification; 2.10.2 Chemical Purification (Refinement); 2.11 Replacing Oil in Electrical Equipment; 2.12 Adding Passivators; 2.13 Determining Water Concentration in the Oil; References; 3 Chemical Indicators; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Insulation Paper Life Determination; 3.3 Cellulose; 3.4 Cellulose Molecular Structure; 3.5 Cellulosic Insulation; 3.6 Degree of Polymerization; 3.7 Oil Impregnated Insulation Paper; 3.8 Ageing of Oil Impregnated Insulation Paper; 3.9 Ageing Mechanism; 3.9.1 Pyrolysis
3.9.2 Hydrolysis3.9.3 Oxidation; 3.10 Influence from Acids; 3.11 Ageing of Oil; 3.12 Oil Oxidation; 3.13 Degradation Products in Oil Impregnated Insulation Systems; 3.14 Degradation Products from Cellulosic Insulation; 3.14.1 Water; 3.14.2 Acids; 3.14.3 Furans; 3.14.4 Carbon Oxides; 3.14.5 Hydrocarbons; 3.15 Degradation Products of Oil; 3.15.1 Acids; 3.15.2 Sludge; 3.16 Chemical Indicators; 3.17 Furan Compounds; 3.17.1 Furans Origin; 3.18 The Relationship Between DP and Furans; 3.19 Stability; 3.20 Furans Disadvantages; 3.21 CO2 and CO; 3.22 The Combination of CO2/CO Ratio and 2-Furfural
3.23 MethanolReferences; 4 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA); 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Total Flammable Dissolved Gas in the Transformer; 4.3 Allowable Concentration of Gases in a Transformer; 4.4 Gas Ratio Methods; 4.4.1 Dürrenberg Method; 4.4.2 Rogers Ratio; 4.4.3 IEC Ratio Method; 4.5 Duval Triangle Method; 4.6 Detection of Partial Discharge Using DGA; 4.7 Impact of DGA Accuracy on Fault Detection; References; 5 Other Tests; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Partial Discharge (PD); 5.2.1 Corona Discharge; 5.2.2 Surface Discharge; 5.2.3 Discharge in Composite Insulation Materials
2.4.6 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) and Resistivity2.4.7 Additives and Oxidation Stability; 2.4.8 Sludge and Sediment; 2.4.9 Interfacial Tension; 2.4.10 Particle Content; 2.4.11 FlashPoint; 2.4.12 Compatibility of Insulating Oil; 2.4.13 Pour Point; 2.4.14 Density; 2.4.15 Viscosity; 2.4.16 PCB; 2.4.17 Corrosive Sulphur; 2.4.18 Dibenzyl Disulphides (DBDS); 2.4.19 Passivators; 2.5 In-Service Oil Monitoring; 2.5.1 Uninhibited Oil Monitoring; 2.5.2 Inhibited Oil Monitoring; 2.6 Time Schedule of Sampling and Testing In-Service Oil; 2.7 Available On-Site Tests
2.8 Classification of Operating Oil2.9 Corrective Actions; 2.10 Purification; 2.10.1 Physical Purification; 2.10.2 Chemical Purification (Refinement); 2.11 Replacing Oil in Electrical Equipment; 2.12 Adding Passivators; 2.13 Determining Water Concentration in the Oil; References; 3 Chemical Indicators; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Insulation Paper Life Determination; 3.3 Cellulose; 3.4 Cellulose Molecular Structure; 3.5 Cellulosic Insulation; 3.6 Degree of Polymerization; 3.7 Oil Impregnated Insulation Paper; 3.8 Ageing of Oil Impregnated Insulation Paper; 3.9 Ageing Mechanism; 3.9.1 Pyrolysis
3.9.2 Hydrolysis3.9.3 Oxidation; 3.10 Influence from Acids; 3.11 Ageing of Oil; 3.12 Oil Oxidation; 3.13 Degradation Products in Oil Impregnated Insulation Systems; 3.14 Degradation Products from Cellulosic Insulation; 3.14.1 Water; 3.14.2 Acids; 3.14.3 Furans; 3.14.4 Carbon Oxides; 3.14.5 Hydrocarbons; 3.15 Degradation Products of Oil; 3.15.1 Acids; 3.15.2 Sludge; 3.16 Chemical Indicators; 3.17 Furan Compounds; 3.17.1 Furans Origin; 3.18 The Relationship Between DP and Furans; 3.19 Stability; 3.20 Furans Disadvantages; 3.21 CO2 and CO; 3.22 The Combination of CO2/CO Ratio and 2-Furfural
3.23 MethanolReferences; 4 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA); 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Total Flammable Dissolved Gas in the Transformer; 4.3 Allowable Concentration of Gases in a Transformer; 4.4 Gas Ratio Methods; 4.4.1 Dürrenberg Method; 4.4.2 Rogers Ratio; 4.4.3 IEC Ratio Method; 4.5 Duval Triangle Method; 4.6 Detection of Partial Discharge Using DGA; 4.7 Impact of DGA Accuracy on Fault Detection; References; 5 Other Tests; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Partial Discharge (PD); 5.2.1 Corona Discharge; 5.2.2 Surface Discharge; 5.2.3 Discharge in Composite Insulation Materials