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Intro; Contents; 1: Anorectal Anatomy; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Muscular System; 1.2.1 Pelvic Floor Muscles; 1.2.2 Perineal Body; 1.2.3 Anal Sphincter Muscles; 1.3 Fascia Structures; 1.4 Anorectal Spaces; 1.4.1 Perianal Space; 1.4.2 Submucosal Space; 1.4.3 Intersphincteric Space; 1.4.4 Ischiorectal/Ischioanal Space; 1.4.5 Superficial and Deep Postanal Space; 1.4.6 Supralevator Space; 1.5 Anorectal Vascular System; 1.5.1 Arterial Blood Supply; 1.5.2 Venous Drainage; 1.6 Innervation of the Anorectum; 1.7 Lymphatic Drainage; 1.8 Summary; References; 2: Anorectum Physiology
2.1 Introduction2.2 Examination; 2.3 Basic Anorectal Physiology Laboratory Tests; 2.3.1 Anal Manometry; 2.3.2 Recto-anal Inhibitory Reflex; 2.3.3 Pudendal Nerve Terminal Motor Latency (PNTML); 2.3.4 Electromyography (EMG); 2.3.5 Balloon Expulsion Test; 2.3.6 Rectal Compliance Test; 2.4 Defecography; 2.5 Colon Transit Time; 2.6 Transanal Ultrasonography; 2.7 Summary; References; 3: Outpatient Examinations of the Anorectal Diseases; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Examination Order; 3.2.1 History Taking; 3.2.2 Inspection; 3.2.3 Digital Rectal Examination; 3.2.4 Anoscopy; 3.3 Summary
4: Anesthesia for the Anorectal Surgery4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Anesthetic Method; 4.2.1 Local Anesthesia; 4.2.2 Regional Anesthesia; 4.2.3 Monitored Anesthesia Care; 4.3 Complications; 4.3.1 Complications Followed by the Use of Local Anesthetic; 4.3.2 Headache Due to Dural Damage; 4.4 Summary; References; 5: Hemorrhoids; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Pathophysiology; 5.3 Classification; 5.4 Diagnosis; 5.5 Treatment; 5.5.1 Dietary and Life style Modification; 5.5.2 Medical Treatment; 5.5.3 Invasive procedure; 5.5.3.1 Rubber Band Ligation; 5.5.3.2 Sclerotherapy
5.5.3.3 Infrared Coagulation5.5.4 Operative Treatment; 5.5.4.1 Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy (Open and Closed); 5.5.4.2 Procedure for Prolapsed Hemorrhoids (PPH); 5.6 Postoperative Complications; 5.6.1 Pain; 5.6.2 Urinary Retention; 5.6.3 Postoperative Bleeding; 5.6.4 Delayed Wound Healing and Anal Stenosis; 5.7 Operative Treatment in Special Cases; 5.8 Summary; References; 6: Anal Fissure; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Pathophysiology; 6.3 Treatment; 6.3.1 Conservative Treatment; 6.3.2 Non-operative Treatment; 6.3.2.1 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) Ointment
6.3.2.2 Calcium Channel Blocker Ointment6.3.2.3 Botox Injection; 6.3.3 Operative Treatment; 6.3.3.1 Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy (Open or Close); 6.3.3.2 Fissurectomy; 6.3.3.3 Advancement Flap; 6.3.3.4 Anal Dilatation; 6.4 Treatment for Special Cases; 6.5 Summary; References; 7: Anal Stenosis; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Etiology; 7.3 Classification; 7.4 Diagnosis; 7.5 Treatment; 7.5.1 Conservative Treatment; 7.5.2 Operative Treatment; 7.5.2.1 Mucosal Advancement Anoplasty; 7.5.2.2 Y-V Anoplasty; 7.6 Postoperative Management and Complications; 7.7 Summary; References; 8: Perianal Abscess
2.1 Introduction2.2 Examination; 2.3 Basic Anorectal Physiology Laboratory Tests; 2.3.1 Anal Manometry; 2.3.2 Recto-anal Inhibitory Reflex; 2.3.3 Pudendal Nerve Terminal Motor Latency (PNTML); 2.3.4 Electromyography (EMG); 2.3.5 Balloon Expulsion Test; 2.3.6 Rectal Compliance Test; 2.4 Defecography; 2.5 Colon Transit Time; 2.6 Transanal Ultrasonography; 2.7 Summary; References; 3: Outpatient Examinations of the Anorectal Diseases; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Examination Order; 3.2.1 History Taking; 3.2.2 Inspection; 3.2.3 Digital Rectal Examination; 3.2.4 Anoscopy; 3.3 Summary
4: Anesthesia for the Anorectal Surgery4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Anesthetic Method; 4.2.1 Local Anesthesia; 4.2.2 Regional Anesthesia; 4.2.3 Monitored Anesthesia Care; 4.3 Complications; 4.3.1 Complications Followed by the Use of Local Anesthetic; 4.3.2 Headache Due to Dural Damage; 4.4 Summary; References; 5: Hemorrhoids; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Pathophysiology; 5.3 Classification; 5.4 Diagnosis; 5.5 Treatment; 5.5.1 Dietary and Life style Modification; 5.5.2 Medical Treatment; 5.5.3 Invasive procedure; 5.5.3.1 Rubber Band Ligation; 5.5.3.2 Sclerotherapy
5.5.3.3 Infrared Coagulation5.5.4 Operative Treatment; 5.5.4.1 Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy (Open and Closed); 5.5.4.2 Procedure for Prolapsed Hemorrhoids (PPH); 5.6 Postoperative Complications; 5.6.1 Pain; 5.6.2 Urinary Retention; 5.6.3 Postoperative Bleeding; 5.6.4 Delayed Wound Healing and Anal Stenosis; 5.7 Operative Treatment in Special Cases; 5.8 Summary; References; 6: Anal Fissure; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Pathophysiology; 6.3 Treatment; 6.3.1 Conservative Treatment; 6.3.2 Non-operative Treatment; 6.3.2.1 0.2% Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) Ointment
6.3.2.2 Calcium Channel Blocker Ointment6.3.2.3 Botox Injection; 6.3.3 Operative Treatment; 6.3.3.1 Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy (Open or Close); 6.3.3.2 Fissurectomy; 6.3.3.3 Advancement Flap; 6.3.3.4 Anal Dilatation; 6.4 Treatment for Special Cases; 6.5 Summary; References; 7: Anal Stenosis; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Etiology; 7.3 Classification; 7.4 Diagnosis; 7.5 Treatment; 7.5.1 Conservative Treatment; 7.5.2 Operative Treatment; 7.5.2.1 Mucosal Advancement Anoplasty; 7.5.2.2 Y-V Anoplasty; 7.6 Postoperative Management and Complications; 7.7 Summary; References; 8: Perianal Abscess