Intro; Acknowledgements; Contents; Notes on Contributors; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Nationalism, Modernity, and the Issue of Linguistic Diversity in Iran; The Qajar Dynasty (1796-1925): Introducing Modernization; The Pahlavi Dynasty: Institutionalization of Persian, Suppression of Minority Languages; The Islamic Revolution and the Issue of Ethnolinguistic Diversity (1979-Present); Structure of the Book; References; Part I The Politics of Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Iran; 2 Exploring Azerbaijani Speaking Parents' Linguistic Practices and Ideologies in Ardebil, Iran; Introduction

Language Maintenance and ShiftContext of Study; Methodology; Participants; Interview Sessions; Researcher's Positionality; Data Analysis; Results and Discussion; Knowledge of Azeri; Attitudes Toward Azeri; Azeri and Farsi Practice Patterns; The Home Domain; Transactional Domains; Concluding Remarks; References; 3 Linguistic Landscaping in Tabriz, Iran: A Discursive Transformation of a Bilingual Space into a Monolingual Place; Introduction; Iranian Azerbaijanis; Discursive Construction of Spaces into Places; Data Collection; Top-Down Signs in Tabriz

Bottom-Up Signs in Tabriz: An Indicator of Language ChangeDiscussion and Conclusion; References; 4 Attitudes toward Kurdish in the City of Ilam in Iran; Introduction; Kurdish in Iran and Diaspora; The Study; Researchers' Positionality; Participants; Data Collection Context: Ilam; Data Collection Methods; Questionnaire; Interview; Ethnography; Data Analysis; Results and Discussion; Questionnaire and Interview Results; Research Question One; Research Question Two; Research Question Three; Research Question Four; Qualitative Results; Language Attitude; Kurdish or Persian?; Conclusion; References

Part II Heritage Language Use and Maintenance: The Case of Persian in the Diaspora5 Family Language Policy towards Heritage Language Literacy Acquisition and Maintenance: Iranians in New Zealand; Introduction; Family Language Policy; Method of the Study; Participants; Instrument; Positionality of the Researchers; Data Analysis; Findings; Language Beliefs; Lack of Community-Based Heritage Language Schools; Perceived Inability in Heritage Language Literacy Teaching; Becoming Home Heritage Language Teachers; The Need for Community-Based Heritage Language Schools

Heritage Language Literacy MaintenanceThe Need to Develop Heritage Language Literacy; The Perception of Bilingualism and Biliteracy; Language Practices; Language Management; Overcoming the Challenges of Heritage Language Literacy Development; Resources for Persian Literacy; Incentives for Heritage Speakers to Develop Persian Literacy; Conclusion; References; 6 Mother Tongue Matters: An Ethnographic Study of Cross-Generational Voices in Negotiation in Persian Mother Tongue Classes; Introduction; MT and MTE in Denmark; Theoretical Framework; Methodology; Data and Participants; Data Analysis