Intro; Contents; UNL-VRTM, A Testbed for Aerosol Remote Sensing: Model Developments and Applications; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Current and Future Aerosol Remote Sensing; 1.2 The Need for a Remote Sensing Testbed; 2 The UNL-VRTM Forward Model; 2.1 Definitions of Stokes Parameters; 2.2 The Vector Radiative Transfer with VLIDORT; 2.3 Atmospheric Profiles; 2.4 Gaseous Absorption; 2.5 Rayleigh Scattering; 2.6 Aerosol Single Scattering; 2.7 Surface Reflection Models; 2.8 Jacobian Capability; 2.9 Model Benchmarking and Verification; 3 Optimized Inversion and Information Content Analysis

3.1 Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Solution of an Inverse Problem3.2 Information Theory; 4 Applications; 4.1 Spectral Fingerprints of Above-Cloud Smoke; 4.2 Bi-Modal Aerosol Properties from Polarimetric Data; 5 Summary and Outlook; References; Scattering of Radiation and Simple Approaches to Radiative Transfer in Thermal Engineering and Biomedical Applications; 1 Introduction; 2 Diffusion-Based Models for Radiative Transfer in Disperse Systems; 2.1 Transport Approximation; 2.2 The Simplest Differential Approximations; 2.3 Radiation Scattering in Various Applied Problems

2.4 Radiative Heat Transfer in a Solid Propellant Rocket Engine2.5 Radiative Heat Transfer in a Severe Accident in a Nuclear Reactor; 2.6 Radiative Properties of Semi-transparent Dispersed Materials; 2.7 Shielding of a Space Vehicle from Solar Radiation by Sublimating Particles; 2.8 Light Scattering in Photothermal Therapy of Human Tissues; 3 Conclusions; References; Bio-optical Properties of Terrestrial Snow and Ice; 1 Introduction; 2 Modelling Optical Properties of Cryospheric Algae; 2.1 General Approach; 2.2 Cell Size and Shape; 2.3 Cell Composition; 3 Empirical Measurements

3.1 Empirical Determination of Cellular Optics3.2 Field Spectroscopy; 4 Remote Sensing; 5 Outlook; References; Accurate Determination of the Size and Mass of Polymers, Nanoparticles, and Fine Bubbles in Water; 1 Introduction; 2 Theory; 2.1 Static Light Scattering; 2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering; 3 Experimental; 3.1 Measurement Apparatus; 3.2 Sample Preparation; 3.3 Light-Scattering Measurements; 4 Applications; 4.1 Synthetic Polymers; 4.2 Nanoparticles; 4.3 Fine Bubbles; 5 Conclusions; References; Radiative Properties of Atmospheric Black Carbon (Soot) Particles with Complex Structures

1 Introduction2 Observed BC Particle Structures; 2.1 Fresh/Bare BC Aggregates; 2.2 Coated/Aged BC Particles; 3 Computational Methods for Particle Radiative Properties; 3.1 Lorenz-Mie (LM) Theory; 3.2 Rayleigh-Debye-Gans (RDG) Approximation; 3.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method; 3.4 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA); 3.5 T-matrix Method; 3.6 Geometric-Optics Surface-Wave (GOS) Method; 4 Morphological Effects on Radiative Properties; 4.1 Fresh/Bare BC Aggregates; 4.2 Coated/Aged BC Particles; 5 Atmospheric Implications; 6 Future Directions; References