Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: Killing More than Pain: Etiology and Remedy for an Opioid Crisis; Introduction; Context: Origin and Growth in the Use of Opioids; Poppies, Pain, and Panacea; Killing More Than Pain: The Double-Edged Sword of Opioids; Conceptual Models for Understanding Drug Epidemics; Epidemiology of Opioid Misuse, Opioid Use Disorder, and Overdose Deaths; Addressing Opioid Misuse, Disorders, and Overdose Deaths; Reducing Supply and Accessibility to Opioids; Demand Reduction: Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Support Services; Harm Reduction Strategies

Conclusions and Future DirectionsReferences; 2: Epidemiology: Opioid Use and Related Disorders; Overview of the Medical Complications of Opioid Use and the Opioid Overdose Epidemic; Drivers of the Opioid Overdose Epidemic; Opioid Prescribing; Nonmedical Pharmaceutical Opioid Use; Heroin Use; Opioid Use Disorders; Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl Use; Social, Political, and Economic Factors; Individual-Level Risk and Protective Factors for Opioid Overdose; Opioid Dose, Potency, Duration of Action, Tolerance, and Route of Administration; Polysubstance Use and Polypharmacy; Benzodiazepines

AlcoholStimulants; Underlying Psychiatric and Medical Comorbidities; Treatment Medications; Conclusions and Implications for Prevention; References; 3: Neurobiology of Addiction: A Disorder of Choice; Introduction; Changes in Salience Detection; Key Systems; Neurobiological Changes; Behavioral Effects; Changes in Stress Signaling; Key Systems; Neurobiological Changes; Behavioral Effects; Changes in Cognition and Control; Key Systems; Neurobiological Changes; Behavioral Effects; Neurobiology of Opioid Addiction; Opioid-Related Neuroadaptations; Opioid Effects on Salience Detection

Opioid Effects on Stress SystemsOpioid Effects on Cognition and Control Systems; Conclusion: Toward a Framework for Recovery; References; 4: Terminology and Conceptualization of Opioid Use Disorder and Implications for Treatment; Conceptualization of Opioid Addiction; Conceptualization of Opioid Use that Risks Health Consequences; Terminology for Opioid Use that Risks Health Consequences; Terminology for Opioid Use Disorder; Implications of Terminology for Treatment; Conclusions; References; 5: Medication for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder; Introduction; Treatment of Withdrawal

Maintenance TreatmentAgonist Therapy; Buprenorphine; Obtaining the DEA Buprenorphine Waiver; Clinical Use of Buprenorphine; Methadone; Methadone Induction; Antagonist Therapy; Naltrexone; Diversion Control; Non-pharmacological Treatment; Treatment of Opioid Overdose; Additional Considerations; Acute Pain; Concurrent OUD and Other Mental Illness; Integrating Medication Treatment into a Comprehensive Recovery Program for OUD; References; 6: Psychosocial Approaches in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders; Introduction; Settings Where Psychosocial OUD Approaches May Be Delivered