Intro; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Series Editor Page; Part I: Overview; Part II: Basics of Kidney Stones; Part III: Diagnosis and Treatment; Part IV: Prevention, Medical, and Nutritional Managements for Different Types of Stones; Part V: Special Consideration; Part VI: Resources; Conclusions; About the Series Editors; About the Editors; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Overview; Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Kidney Stones in the United States; Introduction: Why Epidemiology Matters in Kidney Stones; Prevalence and Incidence: Stones Are More Common Now Than Ever Before; Gender

Race/EthnicityCost to Patients and Healthcare System; Stone Recurrence; Risk Factors; Genetic: Family History; Environmental: Geography and Temperature; Dietary Factors; Calcium; Oxalate; Other Nutrients; Vitamins; Beverages; Systemic Disease; The Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity and Bariatric Surgery; Diabetes Mellitus; Hypertension; Atherosclerosis/Cardiovascular Disease; Chronic Kidney Disease; Pediatric Population; Summary; References; Part II: Basics of Kidney Stone; Chapter 2: Pathophysiology of Kidney Stone Formation; Introduction; Driving Forces for Crystallization; Crystal Inhibitors

Site of Stone Formation in the KidneyGenetic Factors in Stone Formation; Idiopathic Calcium Stones; Idiopathic Hypercalciuria (IH); Hypocitraturia; Hyperoxaluria; Hyperuricosuria; Urine Volume; Alkaline Urine pH; Calcium Stones from Systemic Diseases; Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT); Stones Due to Bowel Disease: Ileostomy; Stones Due to Bowel Disease: Enteric Hyperoxaluria; Primary Hyperoxaluria (PH); Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA); Uric Acid Stones; Cystine Stones; Struvite Stones; Summary; References; Chapter 3: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Kidney Stones; Introduction

Genetic CausesGenetic Causes of Hypercalciuria; Renal Causes; Proximal Convoluted Tubule; Loop of Henle; Distal Convoluted Tubule; Collecting Duct; Other Genetic Causes; Non-renal C auses; Genetic Causes of Hyperoxaluria; Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1; Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2; Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 3; Cystinuria; Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency; Environmental Factors; Summary; References; Chapter 4: Basics of Kidney Stones: Dietary Risk Factors of Kidney Stones; Introduction; Types of Kidney Stones; Calcium Stones; Uric Acid Stones; Struvite Stones; Cystine Stones

Dietary Risk Factors and PreventionCalcium; Oxalate; Other Nutrients; Protein (Animal Protein); Potassium; Sodium; Magnesium; Sugars; Fiber and Phytate; Vitamin B6; Fluid; Summary of Key Recommendations; References; Part III: Diagnosis and Treatment; Chapter 5: Evaluation of Patients with Nephrolithiasis (Diagnosis of Nephrolithiasis); Introduction; Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones; History and Physical; Past Medical History; Past Surgical History; Environmental History; Medication History; Family History; Diet History; Physical Exam; Imaging; Current Society Recommendations