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Ayyubid fortresses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries:
Muslims' apprenticeship
Mongolian siege warfare and the defense of Mamluk fortresses
Laying the foundations : fortification work conducted during the reign of Baybars (1260-1277), Qalawun (1280-1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (1290-1293)
Mamluk power on display : fortifications in the second half of the thirteenth century
Military architecture versus political and military organization.
Muslims' apprenticeship
Mongolian siege warfare and the defense of Mamluk fortresses
Laying the foundations : fortification work conducted during the reign of Baybars (1260-1277), Qalawun (1280-1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (1290-1293)
Mamluk power on display : fortifications in the second half of the thirteenth century
Military architecture versus political and military organization.