Introduction: the Circle of Justice
Mesopotamia: "that the strong might not oppress the weak"
Persia: "the deeds god likes best are righteousness and justice"
The Islamic Empire: "no prosperity without justice and good administration"
Politics in transition: "curb the strong from riding on the weak"
The Turks and Islamic civilization: "the most penetrating of arrows is the prayer of the oppressed"
Mongols and Turks: "fierce toward offenders, and in judgements just"
Early modern empires: "the world is a garden, its wall is the state"
Modernization and revolution: "no justice without law applied equally to all"
The Middle East in the twentieth century: "a regime can endure with impiety but not with injustice"
Conclusion.