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Intro; Foreword; Contents; Contributors; 1: Structural and Functional Renal Changes Secondary to Aging; Structural Changes; Microanatomical Changes; Macroanatomical Changes; Functional Changes; Glomerular Functional Changes; Tubulointerstitial Functional Changes; Medullary Hypotonicity; Tubular Frailty; Age-Related Changes and Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease; Conclusion; References; 2: Renal Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly: Which Are the Differences?; Introduction; Chronic Kidney Disease: Renal Aging Similarities; Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) [2, 7-9]
Reduced Urine Dilution: Concentration Capability [10, 11]Reduced Sodium and Urea Reabsorption [5, 12]; Chronic Kidney Disease: Renal Aging Differences; Glomerular Filtration Rate Value According to Age [5, 8, 9]; Erythropoietin and Parathyroid Hormone [5, 9, 13]; Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium [13, 14]; Tubular Potassium Handling [5, 15-17]; Tubular Creatinine Handling [5, 18]; Urinary Acidification [5, 19]; Kidney Imaging [1, 5]; Urinalyses [1, 5]; HUGE Equation; What a "Normal GFR" Rate Means in the Elderly?; Conclusion; References; 3: Frailty in Chronic Kidney Disease Elderly Patients
IntroductionFrailty as a Multicomponent in Geriatrics; The Intersection of Geriatrics and Chronic Kidney Disease; Assessment and Prevalence of Geriatric Impairments; Frailty in the CKD Population; Disability in Older Adults with Kidney Disease; Geriatric Syndromes in CKD; Falls; Cognitive Impairment; Protein-Energy Wasting and Sarcopenia; Increased Prevalence of Frailty and PEW in Elderly ESRD Patients; Causes of Frailty and PEW in ESRD Elderly Patients; Clinical Consequences of Frailty and PEW in ESRD Elderly Patients; Decision-Making; Dialysis Options; Interventions
Good Medical/Nephrology CareNutrient Intake; Exercise; Conservative Care in CKD; Conclusion; References; 4: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in the Elderly; Introduction; Dysnatremias; Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia; Normotonic Hyponatremia; Hypertonic Hyponatremia; Hypotonic Hyponatremia; Hyponatremia with Normal ECF; Hyponatremia with Low ECF; Hyponatremia with High ECF; Hyponatremia Secondary to Drugs; Dyskalemia; Hypokalemia; Hyperkalemia; Dysmagnesemia; Dysphosphatemia; Dyscalcemias; Acid-Base Disturbances; Internal Milieu Disorders and Frailty; Conclusion; References
5: Hypertension in the ElderlyIntroduction; Pathogenesis; Epidemiology; Definition and Classification; Types of Hypertension in Old Age; Diagnosis of Hypertension in Old Age; Management of Hypertension in Old Age; Recommended BP Targets; Lower BP Targets; Suggested BP Targets for Old Age; Therapeutic Strategies; Non-pharmacologic BP Reduction Therapy; Pharmacologic BP Reduction Therapy; Antihypertensive Agents in Old Age; Special Considerations for Antihypertensive Management in Older People; Conclusions; References; 6: Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly; Epidemiology; Risk Factors
Reduced Urine Dilution: Concentration Capability [10, 11]Reduced Sodium and Urea Reabsorption [5, 12]; Chronic Kidney Disease: Renal Aging Differences; Glomerular Filtration Rate Value According to Age [5, 8, 9]; Erythropoietin and Parathyroid Hormone [5, 9, 13]; Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium [13, 14]; Tubular Potassium Handling [5, 15-17]; Tubular Creatinine Handling [5, 18]; Urinary Acidification [5, 19]; Kidney Imaging [1, 5]; Urinalyses [1, 5]; HUGE Equation; What a "Normal GFR" Rate Means in the Elderly?; Conclusion; References; 3: Frailty in Chronic Kidney Disease Elderly Patients
IntroductionFrailty as a Multicomponent in Geriatrics; The Intersection of Geriatrics and Chronic Kidney Disease; Assessment and Prevalence of Geriatric Impairments; Frailty in the CKD Population; Disability in Older Adults with Kidney Disease; Geriatric Syndromes in CKD; Falls; Cognitive Impairment; Protein-Energy Wasting and Sarcopenia; Increased Prevalence of Frailty and PEW in Elderly ESRD Patients; Causes of Frailty and PEW in ESRD Elderly Patients; Clinical Consequences of Frailty and PEW in ESRD Elderly Patients; Decision-Making; Dialysis Options; Interventions
Good Medical/Nephrology CareNutrient Intake; Exercise; Conservative Care in CKD; Conclusion; References; 4: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in the Elderly; Introduction; Dysnatremias; Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia; Normotonic Hyponatremia; Hypertonic Hyponatremia; Hypotonic Hyponatremia; Hyponatremia with Normal ECF; Hyponatremia with Low ECF; Hyponatremia with High ECF; Hyponatremia Secondary to Drugs; Dyskalemia; Hypokalemia; Hyperkalemia; Dysmagnesemia; Dysphosphatemia; Dyscalcemias; Acid-Base Disturbances; Internal Milieu Disorders and Frailty; Conclusion; References
5: Hypertension in the ElderlyIntroduction; Pathogenesis; Epidemiology; Definition and Classification; Types of Hypertension in Old Age; Diagnosis of Hypertension in Old Age; Management of Hypertension in Old Age; Recommended BP Targets; Lower BP Targets; Suggested BP Targets for Old Age; Therapeutic Strategies; Non-pharmacologic BP Reduction Therapy; Pharmacologic BP Reduction Therapy; Antihypertensive Agents in Old Age; Special Considerations for Antihypertensive Management in Older People; Conclusions; References; 6: Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly; Epidemiology; Risk Factors