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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Acknowledgement; Contents; Contributors; Editors; Authors; 1 When Polarimetry Made History; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 1840s: The Solar Corona; 1.3 1900s: The Surfaces of Solar System Objects; 1.4 1950s: Synchrotron Radiation; 1.5 1950s: Galactic Magnetic Fields; 1.6 1970s: Polarised X-Ray Light; 1.7 1980s: What Are Active Galactic Nuclei?; 1.8 2010s: Cosmic Inflation; References; 2 Introduction to Polarisation and Polarimetry; 2.1 Polarised Light; 2.1.1 Stokes Parameters; 2.1.2 Mueller Matrices; 2.1.3 The Poincaré Sphere; 2.1.4 Jones Calculus; 2.2 Polarimetry
2.2.1 Stokes Polarimeters2.2.1.1 High-Energy Techniques; 2.2.2 Mueller Polarimeters; 2.2.3 Calibration Techniques; 2.2.3.1 Polarisation Standards; 2.2.3.2 Stokes Calibration Techniques; 2.2.3.3 Mueller Calibration Techniques; 2.3 Conclusion; Appendix 1: Table of Stokes Parameters and Jones Vectors; Appendix 2: Commonly Used Mueller and Jones Matrices; References; 3 Optical Polarimetry: Methods, Instruments and Calibration Techniques; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Description of Polarisation: Stokes Parameters, Linear and Circular Polarisation
3.1.2 Mechanisms Producing Polarisation of Astrophysical Objects3.2 Polarisation Modulators, Analysers and Detectors for Optical Polarimetry; 3.2.1 Modulators: Retarders with Constant Phase Shift (Wave Plates); 3.2.2 Modulators: Retarders with Variable Phase Shift (PEMs and FLCs); 3.2.3 Analysers for Optical Polarimetry: Single and Double-Beam Units; 3.2.3.1 Double-Beam Polarisation Analysers for Optical Polarimetry: Plane-Parallel Calcite Plate, Savart Plate and Wollaston Prism; 3.2.4 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: CCDs, PMTs and APDs
3.2.4.1 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: CCD Cameras3.2.4.2 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: Photomultiplier Tubes; 3.2.4.3 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: Avalanche Photodiodes; 3.3 Broadband, Imaging and Spectropolarimetry in the Optical Wavelengths; 3.3.1 Instruments for Broadband Optical Polarimetry; 3.3.1.1 Double-Image CCD Polarimeters; 3.3.1.2 High-Precision Double-Image Polarimeters with High-Frequency Modulators; 3.3.1.3 High-Speed Broadband Polarimeters for the Optical Wavelengths; 3.3.2 Instruments for Optical Imaging Polarimetry
3.3.2.1 Optical Imaging Polarimetry with Polaroids3.3.2.2 Optical Imaging Polarimetry with a Double-Beam analyser and Stripe Mask; 3.3.2.3 Optical Imaging Polarimetry with Fast-Frequency Modulators and Fast-Readout CCDs; 3.3.3 Instruments for Optical Spectropolarimetry; 3.3.3.1 Instruments for Low and Mid-Resolution Optical Spectropolarimetry; 3.3.3.2 Instruments for High-Resolution Optical Spectropolarimetry; 3.4 Calibration Techniques for Optical Polarimetry; 3.4.1 Calibration of Linear Polarisation; 3.4.2 Calibration of Circular Polarisation; 3.4.3 Calibration of the CCD Polarimetry: Flatfielding
2.2.1 Stokes Polarimeters2.2.1.1 High-Energy Techniques; 2.2.2 Mueller Polarimeters; 2.2.3 Calibration Techniques; 2.2.3.1 Polarisation Standards; 2.2.3.2 Stokes Calibration Techniques; 2.2.3.3 Mueller Calibration Techniques; 2.3 Conclusion; Appendix 1: Table of Stokes Parameters and Jones Vectors; Appendix 2: Commonly Used Mueller and Jones Matrices; References; 3 Optical Polarimetry: Methods, Instruments and Calibration Techniques; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Description of Polarisation: Stokes Parameters, Linear and Circular Polarisation
3.1.2 Mechanisms Producing Polarisation of Astrophysical Objects3.2 Polarisation Modulators, Analysers and Detectors for Optical Polarimetry; 3.2.1 Modulators: Retarders with Constant Phase Shift (Wave Plates); 3.2.2 Modulators: Retarders with Variable Phase Shift (PEMs and FLCs); 3.2.3 Analysers for Optical Polarimetry: Single and Double-Beam Units; 3.2.3.1 Double-Beam Polarisation Analysers for Optical Polarimetry: Plane-Parallel Calcite Plate, Savart Plate and Wollaston Prism; 3.2.4 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: CCDs, PMTs and APDs
3.2.4.1 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: CCD Cameras3.2.4.2 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: Photomultiplier Tubes; 3.2.4.3 Detectors for Optical Polarimetry: Avalanche Photodiodes; 3.3 Broadband, Imaging and Spectropolarimetry in the Optical Wavelengths; 3.3.1 Instruments for Broadband Optical Polarimetry; 3.3.1.1 Double-Image CCD Polarimeters; 3.3.1.2 High-Precision Double-Image Polarimeters with High-Frequency Modulators; 3.3.1.3 High-Speed Broadband Polarimeters for the Optical Wavelengths; 3.3.2 Instruments for Optical Imaging Polarimetry
3.3.2.1 Optical Imaging Polarimetry with Polaroids3.3.2.2 Optical Imaging Polarimetry with a Double-Beam analyser and Stripe Mask; 3.3.2.3 Optical Imaging Polarimetry with Fast-Frequency Modulators and Fast-Readout CCDs; 3.3.3 Instruments for Optical Spectropolarimetry; 3.3.3.1 Instruments for Low and Mid-Resolution Optical Spectropolarimetry; 3.3.3.2 Instruments for High-Resolution Optical Spectropolarimetry; 3.4 Calibration Techniques for Optical Polarimetry; 3.4.1 Calibration of Linear Polarisation; 3.4.2 Calibration of Circular Polarisation; 3.4.3 Calibration of the CCD Polarimetry: Flatfielding