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Intro; Preface; Organization; Contents; Eastern Europe; Armenian Computers: First Generations; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The M-3 Computer: The First Experience; 3 Further Developments; 4 Razdan-2 and Razdan-3; 5 Nairi and Nairi-2; 6 Conclusion; References; The Emergence of Computing Disciplines in Communist Czechoslovakia: What's in a (Sovietized) Name?; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 A Broader Context: Education in Communist Czechoslovakia; 3 The Beginnings: The Reign of Cybernetics; 3.1 The Position of Cybernetics in the Soviet Union; 3.2 Cybernetics in Czechoslovakia

3.3 The Doctrine of Management/Control4 The Emergence of New Computing Disciplines; 4.1 The Role of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; 4.2 The Conception; 4.3 Learning from the Soviets; 4.4 Academic Programs to Be Created; 4.5 Results One Year Later; 5 Discussion and Epilogue; 5.1 From Numerical Mathematics to Mathematical Informatics; 5.2 From Electronic Computers to Computer Technology and Informatics; 5.3 From Automated Management/Control Systems to Applied Informatics; 6 Conclusion; Acknowledgement; References

László Kalmár and the First University-Level Programming and Computer Science Training in HungaryAbstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Computers and Education in Late 1950s Hungary; 3 László Kalmár's Work in Szeged; 4 The Fast Track to the First Programming and Computer Science Training; 5 Lack of Internships; 6 Programming Without Computers; 7 The Training Becomes a Major: The Later Years in Szeged; 8 Other Early Programs; 9 Kalmár's Writings on Education and Computers; 10 Conclusion; Acknowledgement; Appendix A: The Curricula of the First Three Classes

Appendix B: Master's Theses of the First Three ClassesAppendix C: Kalmár's Fictional Machines; Appendix D: Kalmár's Abstract on the "Application of Ad Hoc Instruction Groups in the Education of 'Program Designers'"; References; Poland; Early Computer Development in Poland; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Mathematical Apparatuses Group; 3 Analog or Digital?; 4 From ABC to XYZ; 5 We Need More Computers; 6 ELWRO; 7 RYAD; 8 Conclusions; References; The Long Road Toward the Rejewski-Różycki-Zygalski Cipher Center in Poznań; Abstract; 1 A Bit of History; 1.1 Start of the Story: The Monument

1.2 Long Road to the Cipher Center1.3 Rejewski, Różycki, Zygalski Cipher Center; Soviet Union; Anatoly Kitov and Victor Glushkov: Pioneers of Russian Digital Economy and Informatics; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Anatoly Ivanovich Kitov; 3 Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov; 4 The Works of A. I. Kitov on the Use of Computers in the Economy: The Red Book Project; 5 Victor M. Glushkov, a Theorist of the Information Society and the OGAS Project; 6 Conclusion; Acknowledgement; References; On the History of Gosplan, the Main Computer Center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR; Abstract

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