Intro
Contents
Contributors
1: Overview of Basic Immunology and Clinical Application
Innate Immune System
Cellular Components of the Innate Immune System
Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes and Macrophages
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells
Dendritic Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Adaptive Immune System
Cellular Components of the Adaptive Immune System
T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
The Immune System in Action!
Summary of the Immune Responses against Tumor Cells
Cancer Immunotherapy
Translational Relevance

PD-L1 Expression
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Immunoscore
T-Cell Receptor Diversity
Mutation Load and Molecular Alterations
Immune Gene Signature
Cancer Immunogram
Serum Biomarkers
Circulating Biomarkers
Microbiome Assessment
Conclusion
References
2: Advances in Diagnostic Procedures and Their Applications in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy
Introduction
Immunohistochemistry
IHC Applications
Cancer Pathology Diagnostics
Predictive Biomarker Tests
Single-Marker Versus Multiplexed IHC
Next-Generation Sequencing
Flow Cytometry

Other Preclinical and Clinical Diagnostics Techniques in Immunotherapy Research
Preclinical Tumor Models in Immunotherapy Research
Immunodeficient and Immunocompetent Mouse Models, Nude Mouse
Xenograft Tumor Models
Common Translational Research Techniques and their Biospecimen Requirements
References
3: Immunotherapy for Melanoma
Introduction
Short Overview of the History of Melanoma Treatment Options up to 2011
High-Dose Interleukin-2
Chemotherapy
Adoptive Cell Therapy (ACT)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Anti-CTLA-4: Ipilimumab
Anti-PD-1
Nivolumab

Pembrolizumab
Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Combination
Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab in Combination
Anti-PD-L1
Vaccination and Intratumoral Approaches
PV-10 (Rose Bengal)
T-VEC
Brain Metastases and Immunotherapy
Adjuvant Therapies
Adjuvant Therapy with Interferon
Adjuvant Biochemotherapy
CPIs in the Adjuvant Setting
The Future of Melanoma Treatment
Indoleamine Dioxygenase (IDO) Inhibitors
Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3)
T-Cell Immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3)
OX40
4-1BB
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

Bempegaldesleukin (NKTR-214): A CD-122-Biased IL-2 Receptor
Melanoma Immunotherapy and the Gut Microbiome
Conclusion
References
4: Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: From a Minor God to the Olympus
Introduction
Early-Stage NSCLC and Locally Advanced NSCLC
First Line Metastatic NSCLC
Pre-treated NSCLC
ICIs and SCLC
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
5: Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Introduction
Gastroesophageal Cancer
Current Evidence
Future Strategies
Colorectal Cancer
Current Evidence
Future Strategies