Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
1: Bilateral Exploration for Hyperparathyroidism
Introduction
Preoperative Considerations for Confirmed Hyperparathyroidism
Indications
Advantages of Bilateral Approach
Disadvantages of Bilateral Approach
Preoperative Assessment
Confirmation of Diagnosis
Assessment of Symptoms and End-Organ Effects
Preoperative Imaging
Informed Consent
Instruments Required
Patient Positioning and Theater Setup
Operative Steps and Technique
Incision and Exposure
Mobilization of Strap Muscles

Lateral Mobilization of Thyroid Gland and Identification and Ligation of Middle Thyroid Vein
Identification of Parathyroid Glands
Pearls for Identification of Parathyroid Glands
Identification of Superior Parathyroid Gland
Exposure of the Prevertebral Fascia
Visual
Digital
Identification of Inferior Parathyroid Gland
Visual
Additional Maneuvers
Identification of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Extent of Parathyroidectomy
Single Adenoma (1 Abnormal Gland/3 Normal Glands)
Double Adenoma (2 Abnormal Glands/2 Normal Glands)

Four-Gland Hyperplasia (4 Abnormal Glands)
Removal of Morphologically Abnormal Gland(s)
Auto-transplantation
Management of Intra-operative Complications
Bleeding
Nerve Injury
Closure
Special Scenarios
Familial/Genetic Hyperparathyroidism
Concomitant Thyroid Pathology
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Investigations
Postoperative Complications
Hematoma
Hypocalcemia
Follow-Up
References
2: Four-Gland Parathyroid Exploration: Subtotal Parathyroidectomy
Introduction
Procedure Steps
Augusta Renal Protocol
References

3: Bilateral Neck Exploration and Subtotal Parathyroidectomy for Primary Hyperparathyroidism Due to Asymmetric Multiglandular Hyperplasia
Introduction
Surgical Procedure
Suggested Reading
4: Parathyroidectomy
Introduction
Procedure
References
5: Minimally Invasive Right Inferior Parathyroidectomy
Introduction
Case Description
References
6: Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Parathyroidectomy: How to Correctly Approach the Adenoma
Introduction
Indications
Operative Technique
Patients and Surgical Team Position
Anesthesia
Surgical Technique

The Importance of the Surgeon's Knowledge of Embryology and Anatomy
The Importance of Surgeon's Performed Ultrasound (US) Before Parathyroidectomy
Results of MIVAP
References
7: Minimally Invasive Left Superior Parathyroidectomy: Anterior Approach
Introduction
Case Description
References
8: Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy: Targeted Left Inferior Parathyroidectomy
Introduction
Case Description
References
9: Video-Assisted Left Superior Parathyroidectomy
Introduction
Procedure
Patient position
Instruments set:
References
10: Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Right Superior Parathyroidectomy