Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hypoxia as Modulator for miRNA Expression in the TME
1.3 Exosomal miRNAs, Dysregulated miRNAs, and CAFs
1.4 Role of miRNAs on Pericyte Function in the TME
1.5 MiRNAs as Modulators Between Infiltrated Immune Cells and Tumor Cells
1.5.1 Cluster of Differentiation (CD)4+, CD8+, and T-reg
1.5.2 TAMs
1.5.3 MDSCs
1.6 Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells (TIDCs) and NK Cells

1.7 Immune Checkpoint - A Therapeutic Approach Using miRNAs as Targets or Tools in the Future
1.8 Concluding Remarks
References
2: The Impact of Estrogen in the Tumor Microenvironment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 E2 Signaling Pathways on Tumor Cells
2.3 The E2 Pathway in Tumor-Associated Stromal Cells and Immune Cells
2.3.1 Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)
2.3.1.1 Cytotoxic T Cells and Natural Killer Cells
2.3.1.2 Regulatory T Cells
2.3.2 Stromal Cells
2.3.3 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
2.3.4 Tumor-Associated Macrophages

2.3.5 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
2.3.6 Inflammatory Cytokines and Eicosanoids
2.3.7 The Impact of Supraphysiologic Estrogen
2.4 Clinical Implications of Targeting the Estrogen Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment
2.5 Conclusions and Perspective
References
3: The Non-Bone-Related Role of RANK/RANKL Signaling in Cancer
3.1 Background
3.2 The RANK/RANKL Signaling Pathway
3.3 The Functional Role of RANK/RANKL Signaling in Humans
3.4 RANK/RANKL Signaling in Cancer
3.5 Effects of the RANK/RANKL Signaling Pathway on the Tumor Microenvironment

3.6 RANKL Signaling Inhibition
3.7 RANK/RANKL Signaling and Chemo- or Radiotherapy
3.8 Conclusion
References
4: Modulation of Cancer Cell Growth and Progression by Caveolin-1 in the Tumor Microenvironment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cav-1 Expression in Human Cancer
4.2.1 Oncogenic Function
4.2.1.1 Role in Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis
4.2.1.2 Role in Therapy Resistance
4.2.1.3 Role in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
4.2.2 Tumor Suppressive Function
4.3 Stromal Versus Tumoral Cav-1 in TME
4.3.1 Cav-1 in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts

4.3.2 Cav-1 in Other Stromal Cells
4.4 Role of Cav-1 in the Cancer Cell Metabolism and Metabolic Reprogramming of the Tumor Stroma
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Exosomes: Novel Players of Therapy Resistance in Neuroblastoma
5.1 Neuroblastoma
5.2 Exosomes
5.3 Neuroblastoma and Exosomes
5.4 Treatment Options for Neuroblastoma
5.5 Neuroblastoma and Immunotherapy
5.6 Exosome-Mediated Therapeutics
5.7 Translational Advances
5.8 Conclusion
References
6: COX-2 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure of COX-2