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Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
Acknowledgements
Introduction
The study of the urbanisation of the North-Western provinces
Chapter 1 Object and Aims
1.1 Ancient cities: ancient definitions
Figure 1: The north-western provinces of the Roman Empire: Gaul Narbonensis, the Western Alps
i.e. the provinces of Alpes Graiae, Alpes Cottiae, and Alpes Maritimae
the Three Gauls, Germania Inferior, and Britannia.
Introduction
1.2 The object of research
1.2.1 A juridical definition
1.2.2 Morphology and size
1.2.3 A functional definition

1.2.4 A three-fold definition
Chapter 2 The Dawn of Urbanism
Introduction
2.1 The process of urbanisation
2.1.1 Iron Age 'oppida': terminology and problematics
Figure 2: Map showing the large variety of pre-Roman sites in temperate Europe (Buchsenschutz 2004: 339).
2.1.2 The process of urbanisation
Figure 3: The polyfocal complex of Aulnat/Corent (Poux 2014: 164).
Figure 4: The polyfocal site of Camulodunum (Fulford 2015: 61).
Figure 5: Reconstruction of the oppidum of Bibracte (Fernández-Götz et al. 2014b: 5).
2.2 The development of urbanism in southern Gaul

2.2.1 The foundation of Marseille
Figure 6: Main agglomerations in Southern Gaul (Garcia 2002: 97).
2.2.2 Urban concentration (4th to 2nd centuries BC)
2.2.3 The Romans and the construction of a province
Figure 7: Possible reconstruction of the territory of main ethnic groups in pre-Roman southern Gaul (Nuninger 2002: 12).
Figure 8: The civitates of Gaul Narbonensis (Garcia 2002: 99).
2.3 The development of urbanism in the rest of Gaul and Germania Inferior
2.3.1 The Late Iron Age

Figure 9: A reconstruction of the fortified farm and its settlement at Paule (Yves Menez Drac Bretagne / Laurence Stéphanon, AGP) (http://kreizyarcheo.bzh/sites-archeologiques/sites-caracteristiqu es/camp-de-saint-symphorien [last accessed: 15/03/2020]).
2.3.2 The oppidum
Figure 10: Left: Plan of the Titelberg plateau: 1: Rampart enclosing the public space
2: Excavation of the monumental centre
3: Inhabited centre
4: Military (?) Roman area (Metzler et al. 2006 : 200)
5: Oriental gate
6: Occidental gate. Right: Monume

Figure 11: A reconstruction of the monumental centre of the oppidum of Corent (Poux 2014: 163).
2.3.3 Regional differences in character and distribution of Late Iron Age oppida
Figure 12: The distribution and size of Late Iron Age oppida in temperate Europe (Collis 2014: 20).
Figure 13: The nucleated, multi-phase farmsteads (a) from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD at Weert, situated within (b) a 2nd-century-BC enclosure (Gerritsen et al. 2006: 263).
2.3.4 The process of 'centralisation'

Figure 14: The territorial organisation of the civitas of the Bellovaci (Fichtl 2013a: 296).

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