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Table of Contents
US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon; Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; A Cold War in the Middle East? A Historiography of Reagan, the Soviets and the MNF; Notes; 2 Lebanon: A Crowded State Without a Nation; Mutasarrifiyya: Laying the Foundations of Communalism; The French Mandate: Formalising the Consociational Democracy; The 1958 Crisis: Arab Nationalism, Awakening and Identity; Internal Dynamics of War: The Lebanese Civil War and Sectarianism; External Influences: Syria, Israel and the Palestinians.
The PLO and the Palestinians in LebanonAl-Asad's Desires for Lebanon: Creating a Pax Syriana; Israel's Invasions of Lebanon; Setting the Stage for War; Notes; 3 Discontinuity and Legacy: US Policy in Lebanon and the Middle East; War Powers and Washington's Foreign Policy Construction; The Truman Doctrine: Laying the Foundations for US Middle East Policy; The Eisenhower Doctrine: Curbing Arab Nationalism; The 1958 Lebanon Crisis and Operation Blue Bat; Operation Blue Bat; Courtship, Détente and Dissonance: 1961-1978; Divorce and Courtship: Nasser and Israel; Détente and the Middle East.
Ignoring Lebanon: Carter and Camp DavidLebanon on the Periphery; Operation Litani; The Camp David Accords; Legacy or Discontinuity? Lessons from the Eisenhower and Carter Administrations; Eisenhower: The Military Intervention Precedent; Discontinuity and a 'Neglected' Lebanon: Carter; Notes; 4 Operation Peace for Galilee and the Establishment of the MNFI; Reagan's Refusal to Intervene: The 1981 Zahleh Crisis; 'War of the Katyushas' and the Arab Peace Plan; Operation Peace for Galilee; The Israeli Invasion and the Washington Awakening.
Reagan's Watershed Moment: 'Outrage' Over the Israeli InvasionChanging of the Guard: Israel's Greatest US Ally Resigns; The Decision to Intervene; A United Nations Solution? Mistrust, UNIFIL and the MFO; Birth of the Orca: The MNFI; A Complete Success?; Notes; 5 Return of the Marines and the Multinational Force II; The Killing of Bachir Gemayel and the Sabra and Shatila Massacres; 'Now is the Time for Action': Reconstituting the Multinational Force; Contempt for UNIFIL and the US Transnational Police Force; An Ambiguous Peacekeeping Mandate; Defining Interposition.
The Reagan-Shultz Duality: Force or Ceasefire?The Use of Military Force; The Race for Diplomatic Credibility; The May 17th Agreement; The Hurdle for Peace; Notes; 6 The Soviet-Syrian Alliance and the Battle of Souk el Gharb; A Cold War in Lebanon?; Hafez Al-Assad: The Soviet Client; Escalation Through an 'Aggressive Self-Defence'; The Opportunity Cost: Military Force and the Battle of Souk el Gharb; An Escalated Self-Defence; Notes; 7 The Marine Barracks Bombing and a 'Vigorous Self-Defense'; 'The Worst of All Worlds': The Aftermath of the Marine Barracks Bombing; Terrorism and Reagan's Response.
The PLO and the Palestinians in LebanonAl-Asad's Desires for Lebanon: Creating a Pax Syriana; Israel's Invasions of Lebanon; Setting the Stage for War; Notes; 3 Discontinuity and Legacy: US Policy in Lebanon and the Middle East; War Powers and Washington's Foreign Policy Construction; The Truman Doctrine: Laying the Foundations for US Middle East Policy; The Eisenhower Doctrine: Curbing Arab Nationalism; The 1958 Lebanon Crisis and Operation Blue Bat; Operation Blue Bat; Courtship, Détente and Dissonance: 1961-1978; Divorce and Courtship: Nasser and Israel; Détente and the Middle East.
Ignoring Lebanon: Carter and Camp DavidLebanon on the Periphery; Operation Litani; The Camp David Accords; Legacy or Discontinuity? Lessons from the Eisenhower and Carter Administrations; Eisenhower: The Military Intervention Precedent; Discontinuity and a 'Neglected' Lebanon: Carter; Notes; 4 Operation Peace for Galilee and the Establishment of the MNFI; Reagan's Refusal to Intervene: The 1981 Zahleh Crisis; 'War of the Katyushas' and the Arab Peace Plan; Operation Peace for Galilee; The Israeli Invasion and the Washington Awakening.
Reagan's Watershed Moment: 'Outrage' Over the Israeli InvasionChanging of the Guard: Israel's Greatest US Ally Resigns; The Decision to Intervene; A United Nations Solution? Mistrust, UNIFIL and the MFO; Birth of the Orca: The MNFI; A Complete Success?; Notes; 5 Return of the Marines and the Multinational Force II; The Killing of Bachir Gemayel and the Sabra and Shatila Massacres; 'Now is the Time for Action': Reconstituting the Multinational Force; Contempt for UNIFIL and the US Transnational Police Force; An Ambiguous Peacekeeping Mandate; Defining Interposition.
The Reagan-Shultz Duality: Force or Ceasefire?The Use of Military Force; The Race for Diplomatic Credibility; The May 17th Agreement; The Hurdle for Peace; Notes; 6 The Soviet-Syrian Alliance and the Battle of Souk el Gharb; A Cold War in Lebanon?; Hafez Al-Assad: The Soviet Client; Escalation Through an 'Aggressive Self-Defence'; The Opportunity Cost: Military Force and the Battle of Souk el Gharb; An Escalated Self-Defence; Notes; 7 The Marine Barracks Bombing and a 'Vigorous Self-Defense'; 'The Worst of All Worlds': The Aftermath of the Marine Barracks Bombing; Terrorism and Reagan's Response.