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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
CHAPTER 1 State of the Art of 1D Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Simulation Models
1.1 Recent Advances in IC Engines and Future Perspectives
1.2 The Key Role of IC Engine Simulation Models
1.3 Brief History of Wave Dynamics
1.4 IC Engine Gas Dynamics
1.5 Overview of IC Engine 1D Simulation Codes
1.6 Conservation Equations
1.6.1 Perfect Gas Assumption
1.6.2 Transport of Chemical Species with Reactions
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 2 Virtual Engine Development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to Full Engine Simulation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Model Requirements
2.3 Assessment of Quasidimensional Models
2.3.1 General Assessment Guidelines
2.3.2 Practical Examples for SI Engines
2.3.2.1 BURN RATE MODEL
2.3.2.2 TURBULENCE/CHARGE MOTION MODEL
2.3.2.3 LAMINAR FLAME SPEED MODEL
2.3.2.4 FLAME GEOMETRY MODEL
2.3.2.5 CCV MODEL
2.3.2.6 KNOCK MODEL
2.3.2.7 NOx MODEL
2.3.3 Practical Examples for CI Engines
2.3.3.1 BURN RATE/INJECTION MODEL
2.3.3.2 WALL HEAT MODEL
2.3.3.3 EMISSION MODELS
2.4 Assessment of 3D Models (for Fast-Response 3D-CFD Simulations)
2.4.1 Model and Calculation Layout in an Innovative Fast-Response 3D-CFD Tool
2.4.1.1 TEST BENCH AND LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT
2.4.1.2 ZERO-DIMENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT
2.4.1.3 3D-CFD ENVIRONMENT
2.4.2 New Developed 3D-CFD Models
2.4.2.1 3D-CFD ENGINE HEAT TRANSFER
2.5 Basics of Engine Design
2.5.1 Full Load Design for SI Engines
2.5.2 Full Load Design for CI Engines
2.6 Application Examples
2.6.1 Example 1: Vehicle Acceleration Simulation and Cross-Comparison of Different Engine Concepts
2.6.2 Example 2: Tuning of 1D Flow Model.
2.6.3 Example 3: Virtual Development of a High-Performance CNG Engine,Full Engine Simulations with a Fast-Response 3D-CFD Tool
2.6.3.1 RESULTS (ENGINE DEVELOPMENT STEP 0)
2.6.3.2 IMPROVEMENTS (ENGINE DEVELOPMENT STEP 1)
2.6.3.3 IMPROVEMENTS (ENGINE DEVELOPMENT STEP 2)
Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 3 Advanced 0D and QuasiD Thermodynamic Combustion Models for SI and CI Engines
3.1 Physical Background (Combustion Regimes for SI and CI Engines)
3.1.1 Auto-Ignition
3.1.2 Premixed Flames
3.1.2.1 LAMINAR
3.1.2.2 TURBULENT
3.1.2.2.1 Turbulence Reynolds Number
3.1.2.2.2 Damköhler Number
3.1.2.2.3 Karlovitz Number
3.1.3 Diffusion Flames
3.1.3.1 LAMINAR
3.1.3.1.1 Decompositions into Mixing and Flame Structure Problems
3.1.3.1.2 Fuel Mixture Fraction
3.1.3.1.3 Scalar Dissipation Rate
3.1.3.1.4 Chemical-Kinetics Time Scale
3.1.3.1.5 Damköhler Number in the Diffusion Flames
3.1.3.1.6 Flame Structure
3.1.3.2 TURBULENT
3.2 SI Engines Modeling
3.2.1 Combustion Models for SI Engines
3.2.1.1 SINGLE ZONE
3.2.1.2 TWO ZONES
3.2.1.3 EDDY BURN-UP
3.2.1.4 FRACTAL APPROACH
3.2.1.5 COHERENT FLAME MODEL
3.2.2 Turbulence Submodels for SI Engines
3.2.3 Emission Models for SI Engines
3.2.3.1 CARBON MONOXIDE
3.2.3.2 NITROGEN OXIDES
3.2.4 Knock Models for SI Engines
3.2.4.1 IGNITION-DELAY MODELS
3.2.4.2 KINETIC MODELS
3.3 CI Engines Modeling
3.3.1 CI Combustion Phenomenology
3.3.2 Spray Models for CI Engines
3.3.2.1 FUEL EVAPORATION
3.3.2.2 AMBIENT GAS ENTRAINMENT IN THE SPRAY REGION
3.3.2.3 FUEL AND AMBIENT AIR MIXING
3.3.2.4 TURBULENCE MODELS FOR CI ENGINES
3.3.3 Combustion Models for CI Engines
3.3.3.1 AUTO-IGNITION PROCESS
3.3.3.2 PREMIXED COMBUSTION
3.3.3.3 DIFFUSION COMBUSTION
3.3.3.4 COMBUSTION PROCESS COMPUTATION.
3.3.4 Emission Models for CI Engines
3.3.4.1 NITROGEN OXIDES
3.3.4.2 SOOT
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 4 Compressor and Turbine as Boundary Conditions for 1D Simulations
4.1 Requirements for 1D Simulation Boundary Conditions
4.2 General Principles of Physical Modelling of Turbomachinery and Positive Displacement Machines
4.2.1 Basic Equations
4.2.2 Mean Value of Rothalpy andCentrifugal Force at Central Streamline
4.2.3 Transformations between Rotating Impeller and Stator or between Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinates
4.2.3.1 TRANSFORMATION OF TOTAL STATES BETWEEN IMPELLER AND STATOR
4.2.3.2 GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION OF BLADE CASCADES
4.2.4 Loss Coefficients in CompressibleFluid Flow
4.3 Radial-Axial Centripetal Turbine
4.3.1 0D Map-Based Models
4.3.2 Central Streamline Models of a Radial Turbine
4.3.3 Central Streamline Model using Quasi-Steady Impeller Flow
4.3.4 Unsteady-Flow 1D Turbine Model
4.3.5 Model Structure
4.3.6 Calibration Procedure for a Model
4.3.7 Heat Exchange Parameters of a Physical Turbine Model
4.3.8 Other Layouts of Radial Turbines
4.3.9 3D CFD Models
4.4 Speed Non-uniformity of an Impeller and Friction Losses
4.5 Centrifugal Compressor
4.5.1 0D Models of a Compressor
4.5.2 Physical 1D Central Streamline Model of a High-Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor
4.5.3 Geometry of Flow in Radial Compressor
4.5.4 Total and Static States with Transonic Limits and Kinetic Energy Losses
4.5.5.1 GEOMETRY OF AXIAL PROFILE CASCADE
4.5.5.2 HOWELL THEORY OF COMPRESSOR BLADE CASCADES
4.5.5.3 FORCES IN A BLADE CASCADE
4.5.5 Generalization of Results for Axial Blade Cascade
4.5.5.1 GEOMETRY OF AXIAL PROFILE CASCADE
4.5.5.2 HOWELL THEORY OF COMPRESSOR BLADE CASCADES
4.5.5.3 FORCES IN A BLADE CASCADE.
4.5.6 Application of Profile Blade Cascade Theory to Compressor Components
4.5.6.1 IMPELLER INDUCER
4.5.6.2 BLADED DIFFUSER
4.5.6.3 VANELESS DIFFUSER
4.5.6.4 TRANSONIC PERFORMANCE
4.5.7 Compressor Performance Parameters
4.6 Positive Displacement Compressor
4.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 5 3D-CFD Combustion Models for SI and CI Engines
5.1 Introduction to CFD Simulation of In-Cylinder Flows
5.2 The Finite Volume Method Applied to Simulation of IC Engines
5.2.1 Mesh Generation and Management
5.2.2 Discretization
5.2.3 Solution of the System of Algebraic Equations
5.2.4 Influence of Discretization on the Computed Results
5.2.5 Segregated Approach for Equation Solution
5.3 Turbulence Modeling
5.3.1 RANS
5.3.2 LES
5.4 Modeling Spray Evolution
5.4.1 The Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach
5.4.2 Spray Simulations for GDI Engines
5.4.3 Diesel Sprays
5.5 Turbulent Reacting Flows: An Overview
5.6 Combustion in Diesel Engines
5.6.1 The Characteristic Time-Scale Combustion (CTC) Model
5.6.2 Multiple Representative Interactive Flamelet Model (mRIF)
5.6.3 Light-Duty Engines
5.6.4 Sandia Optical Engine for Heavy-Duty Applications
5.6.5 Heavy-Duty Engines
5.6.5.1 MARINE ENGINES
5.7 Combustion in Spark Ignition (SI)Engines
5.7.1 Ignition Modeling
5.7.2 Flame Propagation Modeling
5.7.3 Examples of Applications
5.7.3.1 CMC PREMIXED
Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 6 Control-Oriented Gas Dynamic Simulation via Model Order Reduction
6.1 Introduction and Motivations
6.2 Model Order Reduction
6.3 Model Order Reduction of 1D Gas Dynamic Equations via Polynomial Approximation
6.3.1 Polynomial Spatial Basis Functions
6.3.1.1 PIECEWISE-CONSTANT SBF
6.3.1.2 QUADRATIC SBF.
6.4 Modeling of the Boundary Conditions
6.4.1 Boundary Conditions for Open-Ended Pipes
6.4.1.1 MODELING PIPE INFLOW WITH ISENTROPIC ASSUMPTION
6.4.1.2 MODELING PIPE OUTFLOW WITH ISOBARIC ASSUMPTION
6.4.2 Boundary Conditions for Valves and Restrictions
6.4.3 Boundary Conditions for Manifolds and Volumes
6.5 Application to the Shock Tube Problem
6.6 Control-Oriented Modeling of Wave Action in Turbocharged SI Engine
6.6.1 Overview of Model Equations
6.6.2 Results and Discussion
6.7 Summary
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 7 Modeling of EGR Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Modeling of EGR System
7.3 Modeling EGR Mixing and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Dispersion
7.3.1 1D Simulations
7.3.2 1D-3D (Non-Coupled) Simulations
7.3.3 1D-3D (Coupled) Co-simulations
7.4 Modeling Generation of Condensates in Low-Pressure Applications
7.4.1 Condensation in LP EGR Cooler during Engine Warm-Up
7.4.2 Condensation in the Fresh Air/LP EGR Junction
7.5 EGR Cooler Fouling
7.5.1 Fouling Deposition
7.5.2 Removal Mechanisms
7.6 EGR Transport and Control in Transient Operation
7.6.1 EGR Control in Steady Operation
7.6.2 Tip-In from Low to Full Load
7.6.3 Tip-Out from Full to Low Load
7.6.4 Tip-In from Low to Partial Load
7.6.5 Summary on Transient Modeling
7.6.6 Numerical Diffusion
7.7 Conclusion
Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 8 1D Engine Model in XiL Application: ASimulation Environment for the EntirePowertrain Development Process
8.1 Introduction
8.2 XiL Simulations
8.2.1 Advantages for the Development Process
8.2.2 Tools
8.2.2.1 THE FUNCTIONAL MOCK-UP INTERFACE (FMI)
8.2.2.2 DISTRIBUTED CO-SIMULATION PROTOCOL (DCP)
8.3 Engine Simulations in the Virtualized Development Process.
8.4 1D Engine Models in XiL Simulations.
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
CHAPTER 1 State of the Art of 1D Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Simulation Models
1.1 Recent Advances in IC Engines and Future Perspectives
1.2 The Key Role of IC Engine Simulation Models
1.3 Brief History of Wave Dynamics
1.4 IC Engine Gas Dynamics
1.5 Overview of IC Engine 1D Simulation Codes
1.6 Conservation Equations
1.6.1 Perfect Gas Assumption
1.6.2 Transport of Chemical Species with Reactions
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 2 Virtual Engine Development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to Full Engine Simulation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Model Requirements
2.3 Assessment of Quasidimensional Models
2.3.1 General Assessment Guidelines
2.3.2 Practical Examples for SI Engines
2.3.2.1 BURN RATE MODEL
2.3.2.2 TURBULENCE/CHARGE MOTION MODEL
2.3.2.3 LAMINAR FLAME SPEED MODEL
2.3.2.4 FLAME GEOMETRY MODEL
2.3.2.5 CCV MODEL
2.3.2.6 KNOCK MODEL
2.3.2.7 NOx MODEL
2.3.3 Practical Examples for CI Engines
2.3.3.1 BURN RATE/INJECTION MODEL
2.3.3.2 WALL HEAT MODEL
2.3.3.3 EMISSION MODELS
2.4 Assessment of 3D Models (for Fast-Response 3D-CFD Simulations)
2.4.1 Model and Calculation Layout in an Innovative Fast-Response 3D-CFD Tool
2.4.1.1 TEST BENCH AND LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT
2.4.1.2 ZERO-DIMENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT
2.4.1.3 3D-CFD ENVIRONMENT
2.4.2 New Developed 3D-CFD Models
2.4.2.1 3D-CFD ENGINE HEAT TRANSFER
2.5 Basics of Engine Design
2.5.1 Full Load Design for SI Engines
2.5.2 Full Load Design for CI Engines
2.6 Application Examples
2.6.1 Example 1: Vehicle Acceleration Simulation and Cross-Comparison of Different Engine Concepts
2.6.2 Example 2: Tuning of 1D Flow Model.
2.6.3 Example 3: Virtual Development of a High-Performance CNG Engine,Full Engine Simulations with a Fast-Response 3D-CFD Tool
2.6.3.1 RESULTS (ENGINE DEVELOPMENT STEP 0)
2.6.3.2 IMPROVEMENTS (ENGINE DEVELOPMENT STEP 1)
2.6.3.3 IMPROVEMENTS (ENGINE DEVELOPMENT STEP 2)
Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 3 Advanced 0D and QuasiD Thermodynamic Combustion Models for SI and CI Engines
3.1 Physical Background (Combustion Regimes for SI and CI Engines)
3.1.1 Auto-Ignition
3.1.2 Premixed Flames
3.1.2.1 LAMINAR
3.1.2.2 TURBULENT
3.1.2.2.1 Turbulence Reynolds Number
3.1.2.2.2 Damköhler Number
3.1.2.2.3 Karlovitz Number
3.1.3 Diffusion Flames
3.1.3.1 LAMINAR
3.1.3.1.1 Decompositions into Mixing and Flame Structure Problems
3.1.3.1.2 Fuel Mixture Fraction
3.1.3.1.3 Scalar Dissipation Rate
3.1.3.1.4 Chemical-Kinetics Time Scale
3.1.3.1.5 Damköhler Number in the Diffusion Flames
3.1.3.1.6 Flame Structure
3.1.3.2 TURBULENT
3.2 SI Engines Modeling
3.2.1 Combustion Models for SI Engines
3.2.1.1 SINGLE ZONE
3.2.1.2 TWO ZONES
3.2.1.3 EDDY BURN-UP
3.2.1.4 FRACTAL APPROACH
3.2.1.5 COHERENT FLAME MODEL
3.2.2 Turbulence Submodels for SI Engines
3.2.3 Emission Models for SI Engines
3.2.3.1 CARBON MONOXIDE
3.2.3.2 NITROGEN OXIDES
3.2.4 Knock Models for SI Engines
3.2.4.1 IGNITION-DELAY MODELS
3.2.4.2 KINETIC MODELS
3.3 CI Engines Modeling
3.3.1 CI Combustion Phenomenology
3.3.2 Spray Models for CI Engines
3.3.2.1 FUEL EVAPORATION
3.3.2.2 AMBIENT GAS ENTRAINMENT IN THE SPRAY REGION
3.3.2.3 FUEL AND AMBIENT AIR MIXING
3.3.2.4 TURBULENCE MODELS FOR CI ENGINES
3.3.3 Combustion Models for CI Engines
3.3.3.1 AUTO-IGNITION PROCESS
3.3.3.2 PREMIXED COMBUSTION
3.3.3.3 DIFFUSION COMBUSTION
3.3.3.4 COMBUSTION PROCESS COMPUTATION.
3.3.4 Emission Models for CI Engines
3.3.4.1 NITROGEN OXIDES
3.3.4.2 SOOT
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 4 Compressor and Turbine as Boundary Conditions for 1D Simulations
4.1 Requirements for 1D Simulation Boundary Conditions
4.2 General Principles of Physical Modelling of Turbomachinery and Positive Displacement Machines
4.2.1 Basic Equations
4.2.2 Mean Value of Rothalpy andCentrifugal Force at Central Streamline
4.2.3 Transformations between Rotating Impeller and Stator or between Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinates
4.2.3.1 TRANSFORMATION OF TOTAL STATES BETWEEN IMPELLER AND STATOR
4.2.3.2 GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION OF BLADE CASCADES
4.2.4 Loss Coefficients in CompressibleFluid Flow
4.3 Radial-Axial Centripetal Turbine
4.3.1 0D Map-Based Models
4.3.2 Central Streamline Models of a Radial Turbine
4.3.3 Central Streamline Model using Quasi-Steady Impeller Flow
4.3.4 Unsteady-Flow 1D Turbine Model
4.3.5 Model Structure
4.3.6 Calibration Procedure for a Model
4.3.7 Heat Exchange Parameters of a Physical Turbine Model
4.3.8 Other Layouts of Radial Turbines
4.3.9 3D CFD Models
4.4 Speed Non-uniformity of an Impeller and Friction Losses
4.5 Centrifugal Compressor
4.5.1 0D Models of a Compressor
4.5.2 Physical 1D Central Streamline Model of a High-Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor
4.5.3 Geometry of Flow in Radial Compressor
4.5.4 Total and Static States with Transonic Limits and Kinetic Energy Losses
4.5.5.1 GEOMETRY OF AXIAL PROFILE CASCADE
4.5.5.2 HOWELL THEORY OF COMPRESSOR BLADE CASCADES
4.5.5.3 FORCES IN A BLADE CASCADE
4.5.5 Generalization of Results for Axial Blade Cascade
4.5.5.1 GEOMETRY OF AXIAL PROFILE CASCADE
4.5.5.2 HOWELL THEORY OF COMPRESSOR BLADE CASCADES
4.5.5.3 FORCES IN A BLADE CASCADE.
4.5.6 Application of Profile Blade Cascade Theory to Compressor Components
4.5.6.1 IMPELLER INDUCER
4.5.6.2 BLADED DIFFUSER
4.5.6.3 VANELESS DIFFUSER
4.5.6.4 TRANSONIC PERFORMANCE
4.5.7 Compressor Performance Parameters
4.6 Positive Displacement Compressor
4.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 5 3D-CFD Combustion Models for SI and CI Engines
5.1 Introduction to CFD Simulation of In-Cylinder Flows
5.2 The Finite Volume Method Applied to Simulation of IC Engines
5.2.1 Mesh Generation and Management
5.2.2 Discretization
5.2.3 Solution of the System of Algebraic Equations
5.2.4 Influence of Discretization on the Computed Results
5.2.5 Segregated Approach for Equation Solution
5.3 Turbulence Modeling
5.3.1 RANS
5.3.2 LES
5.4 Modeling Spray Evolution
5.4.1 The Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach
5.4.2 Spray Simulations for GDI Engines
5.4.3 Diesel Sprays
5.5 Turbulent Reacting Flows: An Overview
5.6 Combustion in Diesel Engines
5.6.1 The Characteristic Time-Scale Combustion (CTC) Model
5.6.2 Multiple Representative Interactive Flamelet Model (mRIF)
5.6.3 Light-Duty Engines
5.6.4 Sandia Optical Engine for Heavy-Duty Applications
5.6.5 Heavy-Duty Engines
5.6.5.1 MARINE ENGINES
5.7 Combustion in Spark Ignition (SI)Engines
5.7.1 Ignition Modeling
5.7.2 Flame Propagation Modeling
5.7.3 Examples of Applications
5.7.3.1 CMC PREMIXED
Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 6 Control-Oriented Gas Dynamic Simulation via Model Order Reduction
6.1 Introduction and Motivations
6.2 Model Order Reduction
6.3 Model Order Reduction of 1D Gas Dynamic Equations via Polynomial Approximation
6.3.1 Polynomial Spatial Basis Functions
6.3.1.1 PIECEWISE-CONSTANT SBF
6.3.1.2 QUADRATIC SBF.
6.4 Modeling of the Boundary Conditions
6.4.1 Boundary Conditions for Open-Ended Pipes
6.4.1.1 MODELING PIPE INFLOW WITH ISENTROPIC ASSUMPTION
6.4.1.2 MODELING PIPE OUTFLOW WITH ISOBARIC ASSUMPTION
6.4.2 Boundary Conditions for Valves and Restrictions
6.4.3 Boundary Conditions for Manifolds and Volumes
6.5 Application to the Shock Tube Problem
6.6 Control-Oriented Modeling of Wave Action in Turbocharged SI Engine
6.6.1 Overview of Model Equations
6.6.2 Results and Discussion
6.7 Summary
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 7 Modeling of EGR Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Modeling of EGR System
7.3 Modeling EGR Mixing and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Dispersion
7.3.1 1D Simulations
7.3.2 1D-3D (Non-Coupled) Simulations
7.3.3 1D-3D (Coupled) Co-simulations
7.4 Modeling Generation of Condensates in Low-Pressure Applications
7.4.1 Condensation in LP EGR Cooler during Engine Warm-Up
7.4.2 Condensation in the Fresh Air/LP EGR Junction
7.5 EGR Cooler Fouling
7.5.1 Fouling Deposition
7.5.2 Removal Mechanisms
7.6 EGR Transport and Control in Transient Operation
7.6.1 EGR Control in Steady Operation
7.6.2 Tip-In from Low to Full Load
7.6.3 Tip-Out from Full to Low Load
7.6.4 Tip-In from Low to Partial Load
7.6.5 Summary on Transient Modeling
7.6.6 Numerical Diffusion
7.7 Conclusion
Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations
References
CHAPTER 8 1D Engine Model in XiL Application: ASimulation Environment for the EntirePowertrain Development Process
8.1 Introduction
8.2 XiL Simulations
8.2.1 Advantages for the Development Process
8.2.2 Tools
8.2.2.1 THE FUNCTIONAL MOCK-UP INTERFACE (FMI)
8.2.2.2 DISTRIBUTED CO-SIMULATION PROTOCOL (DCP)
8.3 Engine Simulations in the Virtualized Development Process.
8.4 1D Engine Models in XiL Simulations.