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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1: Introduction
1.1 A Glimpse of the Venomous Snakes of India
1.2 The Concept of the ``Big Four ́́and Non-``Big Four ́́Medically Important Venomous Snakes of India
1.3 Medical Aspects of Snakebite: The Snakebite Problem
1.3.1 Snakebite in Developed Countries
1.3.2 Epidemiology of Snakebite in Asia
1.3.3 Epidemiology of Snakebite in India
1.4 Key Issues Pertaining to Snakebite in India
References
2: Evolution of Snakes and Systematics of the ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India
2.1 Evolution of Snakes
2.2 Studies of the Genomics, Phenomics, and Fossil Record Show the Origin and Evolution of Snakes
2.3 Studies on the Genomic Regression of Claw Keratin, Taste Receptors, and Light-Associated Genes and the Evolutionary Origin...
2.4 Skull Evolution and the Ecological Origin of Snakes
2.5 Systematics of the ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India
2.6 The ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India Represent the Advanced Group of Snakes
2.6.1 Family Elapidae
2.6.1.1 Genus Bungarus (Kraits)
2.6.1.2 Genus Naja (Cobras)
2.6.2 Family Viperidae
2.6.2.1 Genus Daboia
2.6.2.2 Genus Echis
References
3: Snake Venom: Composition, Function, and Biomedical Applications
3.1 The Venom Gland and Venom Delivery Apparatus in the Viperidae and Elapidae Families of Snakes
3.2 Comprehensive Review of the Venom Composition of the ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India
3.2.1 Enzymatic Toxins of the ``Big Four ́́Snake Venoms
3.2.2 Nonenzymatic Toxins in the ``Big Four ́́Snake Venoms
3.2.3 Nonprotein Components of Snake Venom
3.3 Variation in Snake Venom Composition and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of Snakebite and Antivenom Treatment
3.4 Evolution of Genes for the Toxins in Snake Venom
3.4.1 Toxicofera Hypothesis
3.4.2 Independent Origin Hypothesis
3.5 Mechanism of the Evolution and Diversification of Venom Proteins
3.5.1 Accelerated Evolution of Venom Protein Genes
3.5.2 Selection Pressure for Rapid Adaptive Evolution
3.5.3 Diet and Snake Venom Evolution
3.6 Biological Functions of Venom
3.6.1 Prey-Specific Venom Toxicity
3.6.2 Immobilization and Predigestion of Prey
3.6.3 Prey Re-localization
3.7 Indian Snake Venom Proteins: A Treasure House of Drug Prototypes and Diagnostic Tool
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1: Introduction
1.1 A Glimpse of the Venomous Snakes of India
1.2 The Concept of the ``Big Four ́́and Non-``Big Four ́́Medically Important Venomous Snakes of India
1.3 Medical Aspects of Snakebite: The Snakebite Problem
1.3.1 Snakebite in Developed Countries
1.3.2 Epidemiology of Snakebite in Asia
1.3.3 Epidemiology of Snakebite in India
1.4 Key Issues Pertaining to Snakebite in India
References
2: Evolution of Snakes and Systematics of the ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India
2.1 Evolution of Snakes
2.2 Studies of the Genomics, Phenomics, and Fossil Record Show the Origin and Evolution of Snakes
2.3 Studies on the Genomic Regression of Claw Keratin, Taste Receptors, and Light-Associated Genes and the Evolutionary Origin...
2.4 Skull Evolution and the Ecological Origin of Snakes
2.5 Systematics of the ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India
2.6 The ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India Represent the Advanced Group of Snakes
2.6.1 Family Elapidae
2.6.1.1 Genus Bungarus (Kraits)
2.6.1.2 Genus Naja (Cobras)
2.6.2 Family Viperidae
2.6.2.1 Genus Daboia
2.6.2.2 Genus Echis
References
3: Snake Venom: Composition, Function, and Biomedical Applications
3.1 The Venom Gland and Venom Delivery Apparatus in the Viperidae and Elapidae Families of Snakes
3.2 Comprehensive Review of the Venom Composition of the ``Big Four ́́Venomous Snakes of India
3.2.1 Enzymatic Toxins of the ``Big Four ́́Snake Venoms
3.2.2 Nonenzymatic Toxins in the ``Big Four ́́Snake Venoms
3.2.3 Nonprotein Components of Snake Venom
3.3 Variation in Snake Venom Composition and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of Snakebite and Antivenom Treatment
3.4 Evolution of Genes for the Toxins in Snake Venom
3.4.1 Toxicofera Hypothesis
3.4.2 Independent Origin Hypothesis
3.5 Mechanism of the Evolution and Diversification of Venom Proteins
3.5.1 Accelerated Evolution of Venom Protein Genes
3.5.2 Selection Pressure for Rapid Adaptive Evolution
3.5.3 Diet and Snake Venom Evolution
3.6 Biological Functions of Venom
3.6.1 Prey-Specific Venom Toxicity
3.6.2 Immobilization and Predigestion of Prey
3.6.3 Prey Re-localization
3.7 Indian Snake Venom Proteins: A Treasure House of Drug Prototypes and Diagnostic Tool