Toxin and bioregulator weapons : preventing the misuse of the chemical and life sciences / Michael Crowley, Malcolm R. Dando.
Crowley, Michael, 1966- author.; Dando, Malcolm, author.
2022
JZ5865.B56
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Title Toxin and bioregulator weapons : preventing the misuse of the chemical and life sciences / Michael Crowley, Malcolm R. Dando.
Author Crowley, Michael, 1966- author.
ISBN 9783031101649 (electronic bk.)
3031101642 (electronic bk.)
9783031101632
3031101634
DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10164-9
Published Cham : Palgrave Macmillan, [2022]
Copyright ©2022
Language English
Description 1 online resource (xxi, 315 pages) : illustrations.
Item Number 10.1007/978-3-031-10164-9 doi
Call Number JZ5865.B56
Dewey Decimal Classification 327.1/745
Summary Unrivalled collection of concrete examples from across the globe of research where potential for weaponisation and opportunities for repression are high, but intent is unclear or could easily be misperceived. A substantial contribution to the current international debate on how we can raise political and legal barriers to prevent States misusing life science advances. Filippa Lentzos, Senior Lecturer in Science and International Security, King's College London, UK Asks the key question of how states and scientists should respond to the current advances in life science research and development to prevent their weaponisation. A must-read for all concerned. Nariyoshi Shinomiya, President National Defense Medical College of Japan Sheds light on the dangerously neglected threats from toxin and bioregulator weapons, and gives stark warning that current failure to regulate rapidly advancing sciences could allow development of new forms of such weapons capable of attacking diverse human life processes. Paul F. Walker, Vice Chair, Arms Control Association, and International Coordinator, CWC Coalition, USA This book explores how revolutionary developments and convergence of the chemical, life and associated sciences are impacting contemporary toxin and bioregulator research, and examines the risks of such research being misused for malign purposes. Investigating illustrative cases of dual use research of potential concern in China, India, Iran, Russia, Syria and the USA, the authors discuss how states can ensure such research and related activities are not utilised in weapons development. Although toxins and bioregulators are, in theory, covered by both the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and Chemical Weapons Convention, this apparent overlap in reality masks a dangerous regulatory gap with neither Convention implemented effectively to address threats of weaponisation. This book highlights the potentially damaging consequences for international peace and security, and proposes realistic routes for action by states and the scientific community. Michael Crowley is Honorary Visiting Senior Research Fellow at Bradford University, and Research Associate with the Omega Research Foundation, UK. Malcolm R. Dando FRSB is Leverhulme Emeritus Fellow at Bradford University, UK.
Note Includes index.
Access Note Access limited to authorized users.
Source of Description Online resource; title from PDF title page (SpringerLink, viewed December 16, 2022).
Added Author Dando, Malcolm, author.
Series Global issues series (Palgrave Macmillan (Firm))
Available in Other Form Print version: 9783031101632
Linked Resources Online Access
Record Appears in Online Resources > Ebooks
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Intro
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Praise for Toxin and Bioregulator Weapons
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Purpose and Structure of the Book
1.2 Scope of Agents and Activities Covered
1.2.1 Toxins
1.2.2 Bioregulators
1.2.3 Other Chemicals of Biological Origin
1.3 Coverage of Toxins and Bioregulators Under International Arms Control and Disarmament Instruments
1.4 Dual-Use Research and the Difficulties with Establishing Intent
1.5 Methodology

Chapter 2: Dual-Use Chemical and Life Science Research of Potential Concern
2.1 What Is Happening in the Life Sciences?
2.2 A Game Changer for Toxin Weapons Development?
2.3 Toxicology as Part of the Biotechnology Revolution
2.4 Example 1: Botulinum Toxins
2.5 Example 2: Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
2.6 Example 3: Bioregulators
2.7 Advances in Neuroimmunology
2.8 The Impact of Long COVID
2.9 Conclusions
Chapter 3: The China Case Study
3.1 Historical Toxin Weapon Development
3.2 Contemporary Dual-Use Toxin Research
3.3 China Brain Project

3.4 Central Nervous System-Acting Weapons
3.5 Research and Development of Riot Control Agent Delivery Mechanisms
3.6 CWC Article X Declarations and the BTWC Confidence-Building Measures
3.7 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4: The India Case Study
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Research and Development of Riot Control Agent Means of Delivery
4.3 Malodorants
4.4 Incapacitating Chemical Agents/CNS-Acting Chemical Agents
4.5 Contemporary Dual-Use Toxin Research Into "Novel Bio-Threat Agents"
4.6 CWC Article X Declarations and the BTWC Confidence-Building Measures

4.7 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 5: The Iran Case Study
5.1 Changing Perceptions of Alleged Iranian Biological and Toxin Weapon Programmes
5.2 Alleged Toxin Weapon Development
5.3 Contemporary Dual-Use Toxin Research, Development, and Production
5.4 Riot Control Agents and Incapacitating Chemical Agents/CNS-Acting Agents
5.5 CWC Article X Declarations and the BTWC Confidence-Building Measures
5.6 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 6: The Russian Federation Case Study
6.1 Overview of the Soviet Biological and Toxin Weapon Programme

6.2 Soviet Toxin Weapon Research and Development
6.3 Soviet Bioregulator Weapon Research and Development
6.4 Termination of Soviet Biological and Chemical Weapons Programmes
6.5 Russian Biological and Toxin Research and Development Capabilities
6.6 US Sanctions on Research Facilities Allegedly Linked to Russian BW Programmes
6.7 Contemporary Dual-Use Toxin Research
6.8 Russian Incapacitating Chemical Agent (ICA)/Central Nervous System (CNS)-Acting Weapons
6.9 Russian Riot Control Agent Delivery Mechanisms

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