Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background and Significance
1.2 Cantilever-Based Optical Interfacial Force Microscopy
1.3 Traditional Liquid vs. Chain Water
1.4 Discovery of Self-Assembled Water Chains
1.5 Coil-to-Bridge Transitions of Self-Assembled Water Chains
1.6 Future Outlook of Self-Assembled Water Chains in Science and Technology
References
Chapter 2: Self-Assembly, Entropy Forces, and Kelvin Equation
2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy of Water on Surfaces
2.2 Self-Assembly

2.3 Chemical Potential of Self-Assembled Water Chains
2.4 Random Walks and Entropy Forces
2.5 Freely Jointed Chain Model
2.6 The Kelvin Equation
2.7 Capillary Condensation Theory
2.8 Energy Minimization and Force-Distance Equation
2.9 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Humidity-Dependent Structural Phase Transitions, Layering Transitions, and Long Nucleation Times
3.1 AFM Snap-to-Contact Instability
3.2 Humidity-Dependent Structural Phase Transitions
3.2.1 Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy

3.2.2 Humidity-Dependent Water Structure on Mica in Air
3.2.3 Room Temperature Ice-Like Structure on Mica
3.3 Pull-Off Force vs. Humidity Measurements
3.3.1 Pull-Off Force in an AFM Force-Displacement Curve
3.3.2 Pull-Off Force in the Kelvin Equation
3.3.3 Water Confined Between an AFM Tip and Mica
3.3.4 Water Confined Between an AFM Tip and a Silicon Oxide Surface
3.3.5 Condensation in Humidity-Dependent Phase Transitions
3.4 Layering Transitions of Confined Water in Air
3.4.1 Transverse Dynamic Force Microscopy
3.4.2 Tuning-Fork-Based AFM

3.5 Layering Transitions in Water
3.5.1 Surface Force Apparatus (SFA)
3.5.2 ac Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (ac-AFM)
3.6 Long Nucleation Time of Nanoscale Water Bridges
3.6.1 Friction Force Measurements by AFM
3.6.2 Friction vs. Humidity Measurements
3.6.3 Friction vs. Speed Measurements
3.6.4 Time Responses of the Friction Force to Stepwise Changes
3.6.4.1 Scan Range
3.6.4.2 Tip Temperature
3.6.4.3 Tip Height
3.6.4.4 Holding Time
3.7 Viscosity of Nanoscopic Water
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Long-Range Condensations of Humid Air

4.1 Kelvin Equation and Long-Range Condensation Distances
4.2 Interfacial Force Microscopy
4.2.1 AFM vs. IFM
4.2.2 Simultaneous Measurement of Normal and Friction Forces
4.2.3 Development of Optical Fiber Probes
4.2.4 Sample Preparation
4.2.5 Force-Distance Curve Measurements
4.3 Cantilever-Based Optical Interfacial Force Microscopy
4.3.1 IFM vs. COIFM
4.3.2 Design and Development of COIFM
4.3.3 Feedback Response Test
4.3.4 Euler Equations of a Cantilever Beam
4.3.5 Coupling of Normal and Friction Forces Through Cantilever Deflection
4.3.6 Force Calibration