Intro
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
Introduction
1 Which Fakes are more likely to be Dangerous?
Product safety requirements, norms and standards
Harmonised standards in the EU
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
US SHOP SAFE Act of 2021
Product recalls and alerts
OECD GlobalRecalls portal
EU Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Products (Safety Gate)
2 Dangerous Products - Types of Risks
Effects on health
Pharmaceuticals
Alcohol
Cosmetics
Toothpaste
Contact lenses
Effects on safety
Toys and children's equipment
Recreational equipment
Electrical and electronic equipment
Semiconductors
Batteries
Power adapters
Automotive parts
Personal protective equipment
Environmental impact
Pesticides and agrochemicals
Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medical equipment
Information and communication technology and other electronic devices
Personal security
3 Trade in Potential Dangerous Counterfeit Products - Quantitative Analysis
The broad scope
Products impacted
Trade routes
Transport methods
Dangerous counterfeit goods shipped by vessel
Impacted products
Trade routes
Analysis of the most frequently counterfeited toys
Shipment size
Dangerous counterfeit goods transported by small parcels
Impacted products
Trade routes
Analysis of the most frequently counterfeited footwear
EU Case Study
Dangerous product categories subject to counterfeiting
Main trade routes of trade in dangerous fakes destined to the EU countries
Transport modes of dangerous goods destined to the EU countries
Focused scope
Trade volumes
Trade routes
Products impacted
Transport methods of dangerous fakes
Dangerous counterfeit goods shipped by vessel
Impacted products
Trade routes.

Shipment size of dangerous fakes
Dangerous counterfeit goods shipped by parcels
Impacted products
Trade routes
Transport mode
Analysis of the most frequently counterfeited cosmetics
EU Case Study
The role of e-commerce
Industry focuses
Foodstuffs
Cosmetics
4 Concluding Remarks
Next steps
Annex A. Methodological notes
A.1. Constructing the General Trade-Related Index of Counterfeiting for products (GTRIC-p)
Step 1: Measuring reporter-specific product seizure intensities
Step 2: Measuring general product seizure intensities
Step 3: Measuring product-specific counterfeiting factors
Step 4: Establishing GTRIC-p
A.2. Constructing the general trade-related index of counterfeiting economies (GTRIC-e)
Step 1: Measuring reporter-specific seizure intensities from each provenance economy
Step 2: Measuring general seizure intensities of each provenance economy
Step 3: Measuring partner-specific counterfeiting factors
Step 4: Establishing GTRIC-e
A.3. Constructing the General Trade-Related Index of Counterfeiting (GTRIC)
Establishing likelihoods for product and provenance economy
A.4. Calculating the absolute value
References.