Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1: Introduction to Malaria Biology in a Liver
1.1 Global Impact of Malaria in the Past 10 Years
1.2 Liver-Stage Malaria
1.2.1 Life Cycle of Plasmodium Species
1.2.1.1 Liver-Stage Malaria
1.2.1.2 Erythrocyte Stage Malaria
1.2.1.3 Mosquito Stage
1.3 Mechanism of Parasite Invasion into a Liver
1.3.1 Liver Structure and Composition
1.3.2 Hypothesis of the Sporozoite Invasion Mechanism
1.3.2.1 Motility of Sporozoites
1.3.2.2 Passage of Sporozoites from the Blood Circulation Through the Liver Sinusoid Endothelium

1.3.2.3 Host Response to Hepatocyte Invading Parasite
1.4 Hypnozoite
1.5 Drug-Targeting Liver-Stage Malaria
1.5.1 Intra-erythrocytic Parasite
1.5.2 Intra-hepatic Parasite
References
2: Modeling a Liver-Stage Malaria
2.1 Necessity of the In Vitro Models for Drug Discovery and Pre-clinical Study
2.2 In Vitro 2D Models
2.2.1 Human Hepatoma Lines
2.2.2 Primary Human Hepatocytes (PHH)
2.2.3 Human Immortalized Hepatic Cells
2.2.4 Human Hepatocyte-like Cells Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells
2.2.4.1 Single Cell Type
2.2.4.2 Co-culture
2.3 Animal Models

2.3.1 Rodent Malaria
2.3.2 Humanized Mice
2.4 The Use of the 2D Cell Culture for Antimalarial Drug Assay
References
3: Molecular and Cellular Basis of Liver Organoid
3.1 Basis of Liver Generation and Regeneration
3.1.1 Development of a Liver
3.1.2 Cell Signaling in Hepatogenesis
3.1.3 Liver Regeneration
3.2 Biology of Liver Organoid
3.2.1 Definition and Characteristics of Organoid
3.2.2 Sources of Stem Cells for Liver Organoid Generation
3.2.2.1 Liver Organoid from Adult Stem Cells in a Primary Tissue
3.2.2.2 Liver Organoid from Pluripotent Stem Cells

3.3 Types of Liver Organoid
3.3.1 Single Cell Type-Derived Hepatic Organoids
3.3.2 Unknown Cell Type
3.3.3 Multiple Cell Types for Heterogenous Organoids
References
4: Generation of Liver Organoid
4.1 Culture of Human iPSCs (Si-Tayeb et al. 2010)
4.1.1 Preparation of the Matrigel-Coated Well
4.1.1.1 Preparation of Aliquots of Matrigel
4.1.1.2 Coating of a Cell Culture Well Plate
4.1.2 Preparation of the Culture Medium for Human iPSCs
4.1.2.1 Preparation of 20x E8 Supplement
4.1.2.2 Preparation of a Complete Medium for Human iPSCs

4.1.3 Thawing the Frozen iPSCs
4.1.4 Cell Passaging
4.1.5 Evaluation of Cell Pluripotency
4.1.5.1 Morphology of the Undifferentiated iPSCs
4.1.5.2 Detection of Cell Surface Markers and Pluripotent Proteins
4.2 Generation of Hepatic Endoderms from Human iPSCs (Si-Tayeb et al. 2010)
4.2.1 Step 1: Monolayers of Human iPSCs (Day 5-Day 0)
4.2.2 Step 2: Endoderm Induction (Day 0-5)
4.2.3 Step 3: Specification of Hepatic Endoderm (Day 6-10)
4.2.4 Step 4: Differentiation of the Hepatic Endoderm into Hepatoblasts (Day 11-15)
4.2.5 Step 4: Hepatocyte Maturation (Day 16-20)