Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Why Study Drug-Resistant Epilepsy?
References
Chapter 2: Pharmacoresistance in Epilepsy
2.1 Epilepsy
2.2 Epilepsy as Stigma
2.3 Epilepsy and Pharmacoresistance
2.4 Epilepsy as Health Problem
2.5 Burden of Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy
2.6 Epilepsy Care
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Experimental Models for the Study of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 In Vitro Models
3.2.1 Cell Cultures
3.2.2 Brain Slices with Cortical Dysplasia Exposed to 4-Aminopyridine

3.2.3 In Vitro Study of Brain Tissue from Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
3.3 In Vivo Models of Drug-Resistant Seizures
3.3.1 Caenorhabditis Elegans
3.3.2 Zebrafish
3.4 Induction of Drug-Resistant Seizures by Repeated Administration of Proconvulsant Drugs
3.5 Chemical Kindling and Drug Resistance
3.6 Electrical Kindling and Drug Resistance
3.7 Corneal Electric Kindling
3.8 Models of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
3.8.1 Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Secondary to Status Epilepticus Due to Lithium-Pilocarpine
3.8.2 Kainic Acid and Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

3.8.3 Models of Drug-Resistant Posttraumatic Epilepsy
3.8.4 Canines with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
3.9 Models of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Due to Genetic Alterations
3.10 Novel Approaches to Assess Drug-Resistant epilepsy in Animal Models
3.11 Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program: Advantages and Limitations for the Detection of Therapies for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
3.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: On Complexity and Emergence: Linking the Hypotheses of Pharmacoresistance in Epilepsy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Emergence: Linking Multiple Hypotheses of DRE

4.3 The Role of Comorbidities in DRE
4.4 Systems Biology: Dealing with the Multiple Mechanisms of DRE
4.5 The Advent of Systems Pharmacology for the Treatment of Epilepsy
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: The Role of High-Frequency Oscillation Networks in Managing Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Different Types of HFO in Normal Brain and the Brain with Focal Epilepsy
5.3 Mechanisms Generating Normal and Pathological HFO and the Contributions of Inhibitory and Excitatory Cells
5.4 Fast Ripples as Biomarkers of Epileptogenic Tissue

5.5 Proposed Roles of FR in Surgical Planning
5.6 Utilizing FR Graph Theoretical Metrics to Assess the Epileptogenic Network for Surgical Planning
5.7 Stimulation Therapy of the Epileptogenic Network
5.8 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Transporter Hypothesis in Pharmacoresistant Epilepsies: Is it at the Central or Peripheral Level?
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Phenotype
6.3 Role of ABC-t in the "LADME System" as the Peripheral Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Epilepsy
6.4 ABC-t in the Central Mechanism of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy