Intro
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Approach to a Case of Ulcer of Extremity
1.1 Prevalence
1.2 Relevant Points of Interest
1.3 Common Ulcerations Causes (Table 1.1)
1.4 Step-Wise Approach
1.5 Conclusion
References
2: Hypertensive/Martorell Ulcer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathogenesis
2.3 Clinical Presentation
2.4 Differential Diagnosis
2.5 Diagnosis
2.5.1 Diagnostic Criteria
2.6 Histopathological Diagnosis
2.7 Management
2.8 Skin Grafting
2.9 Pain Management

2.10 General Measures
2.11 Management of Residual Wounds
2.12 Prognosis
2.13 Clinical Pearls
3: Rheumatoid Ulcers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Limb Ulcers
3.3 Pathogenesis
3.3.1 Vasculitis and Inflammation
3.3.2 Differential Load Distribution
3.3.3 Associated Conditions
3.3.4 Iatrogenic
3.3.5 Impaired Healing
3.4 Clinical Features
3.4.1 Vasculitic Ulcers of the Extremities
3.4.2 Pyoderma Gangrenosum
3.5 Diagnosis
3.6 Management
3.6.1 Local Wound Care
3.6.2 Coverage for Secondary Infections

3.6.3 Systemic Immunosuppression
3.6.4 Management of Pyoderma Gangrenosum
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Systemic Sclerosis: Definition and Prevalence
4.2 Diagnostic Criteria of Systemic Sclerosis
4.2.1 Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis
4.3 Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease in Systemic Sclerosis
4.3.1 Pathogenesis of Ulcers
4.3.2 Ulcers over the Sites of Calcinosis
4.4 Clinical Features
4.5 Investigations
4.6 Management
4.6.1 Lifestyle Changes
4.6.2 Drug Treatment

4.6.3 Prostanoids (Level of Evidence: Meta-Analysis)
4.6.4 Endothelin Receptor-1 Antagonists (Level of Evidence: Meta-Analysis)
4.6.5 Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitors (Level of Evidence: Meta-Analysis)
4.6.6 Calcium Channel Blockers (Level of Evidence: Randomized Controlled Trial)
4.6.7 Combination Therapy (Level of Evidence: Case Report)
4.6.8 Other Drug Therapies that Have Been Explored
4.6.8.1 Statins (Level of Evidence: Randomized Controlled Trial)
4.6.8.2 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Agents (Level of Evidence: Randomized Controlled Trial)

4.6.9 Surgical Strategies
4.6.9.1 General Approach
4.6.9.2 Sympathectomy and Injection of Botulinum Toxin (Level of Evidence: Retrospective Case Series and Case Series)
4.6.10 Prognosis
References
5: Livedoid Vasculopathy: Clinical, Histopathological, and Therapy Evaluation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Our Casuistic
5.3 Methods
5.4 Results
5.5 Discussion
5.6 Hallmarks of the Literature
5.7 Conclusions
References
6: Ulcers in Hypercoagulable States
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Ulcers in Hypercoagulable States