Intro
Preface
Contents
Part I: Pharmacological Basic Principles
The Impact of Sex and Gender in Medicine and Pharmacology
1 Historical Development
2 Basic Research
2.1 Immune Response
2.2 Animals and Cells
3 Clinical Trials
4 Pharmacology
4.1 Sex Differences
4.2 Gender Differences
5 Epidemiology, Health Care Research, and Prevention Research
6 Sex and Gender and Personalized Medicine
7 Implementation of Sex and Gender Sensitive Medicine
8 Conclusion
References
Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics
1 Introduction
2 Methods

3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Sex Differences in PKs Correlate with Sex Differences in ADRs
3.2 Factors Influencing Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics
3.3 Selection of the Appropriate Drug Dose
3.4 Limitations in Population PK Studies
4 General Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Clinical Pharmacological Considerations in Transgender Medicine
1 Introduction
1.1 Terminology
1.2 US Demographics
1.3 Health Disparities and Co-occurring Medical Conditions
1.3.1 Barriers to Healthcare Access
1.3.2 Chronic Disease Burden

1.3.3 Considerations Across the Lifespan
2 Pharmacologic Considerations for TGD Adults Undergoing Hormone Therapy
2.1 TGD-Inclusive Pharmacologic Research
2.2 Overview of Hormone Therapy
2.3 Drug Absorption
2.4 Drug Distribution
2.5 Drug Metabolism
2.6 Drug Elimination
2.7 Drug Transport
3 Limitations of Sex/Gender as Binary Variable in Biomedical and Pharmacologic Research
4 Conclusions and Clinical Implications
References
Sex and Gender Differences in the Pharmacology of the Overactive Urinary Bladder
1 Introduction
2 Healthy Bladder and Its Physiology

2.1 Clinical Data
2.2 Gross Anatomy and Histology
2.3 Experimental Data
2.3.1 Contraction Studies
2.3.2 Relaxation Studies
2.3.3 Proposed Factors of Bladder Pathophysiology
3 Pathophysiology in OAB
3.1 Clinical Data
3.2 Experimental Data
4 Treatment Responses
5 Conclusions and Research Directions
References
Part II: Pathologies of the Brain
Sex Differences in the Evaluation and Treatment of Stroke
1 Sex Differences in Stroke
2 Epidemiology
3 Stroke Symptoms
4 Outcomes
5 Estrogen and Stroke
6 Stroke Etiology
7 Atrial Fibrillation

8 Treatment of Acute Ischemic Strokes
8.1 Thrombolysis
9 Carotid Intervention
9.1 Endovascular Interventions
10 Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
11 Pregnancy
12 Secondary Stroke Prevention
12.1 Antiplatelets
13 Pitfalls in Research and the Way Forward
References
Sex Differences in Pain and Its Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Sex Differences in Pain
3 Sex Differences in Response to Experimental Pain
4 Sex Differences in Pain: A Clinical Perspective
5 Possible Explanations for Sex Differences in People with Pain
6 Sex Differences in Pain Treatment