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Table of Contents
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
OVERVIEW
Introduction
Trade flows in medical goods and services
Policies affecting trade in medical goods and services
Deepening cooperation on medical goods and services trade
Notes
References
INTRODUCTION
Stronger trade systems for better global health security
Organization of the report
Reference
1 TRADE FLOWS IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES
The medical goods and services trade: Relevance, characteristics, and welfare implications
Drivers of trade in medical goods and services
Functioning of medical supply chains
Patterns in medical goods and services trade before the pandemic
Developments in medical goods and services trade during the pandemic
Notes
References
2 TRADE POLICIES IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES
Policies affecting medical goods and services trade under normal conditions
Policies affecting medical goods and services trade during the COVID-19 pandemic
Notes
References
3 DEEPENING COOPERATION ON MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE
International cooperation on trade in medical goods
Trade policy cooperation to contribute to global health security
Cooperation beyond trade agreements for global health security
Notes
References
4 LEVERAGING MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS: AN ACTION PLAN
The need for action and reform now
Proposals and priorities
Reference
Boxes
1.1 Access to health care: The role of (trade in) health insurance services
1.2 WHO's Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel-and the blurred boundaries between trade in medical services and migration of health workers
1.3 Recent FDI trends in medical goods and services.
2.1 General equilibrium analysis of trade and health care costs
2.2 Development of export-oriented medical services in selected countries
3.1 RTA cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic
3.2 Pricing policies for medical goods in the context of international trade
3.3 Potential commitments to bolster governance of trade policy in global crises
3.4 Health technology transfer to least developed countries
3.5 Traceability and illicit trade in medical products in Africa
Figures
1.1 The largest economies, not always high-income economies, are the largest exporters of medical goods and services, leading to concentration
1.2 The yearly probability of a pandemic worse than the 1918 influenza pandemic has increased substantially since the 1600s
1.3 Growth in GDP per capita is tightly correlated with growth in health spending, though slightly less so in high-income countries
1.4 Across economies, population aging explains little of the growth in health spending per capita
B1.1.1 Private health insurance schemes as a share of total health expenditure in selected countries, 2019
1.5 The health care global value chain
B1.3.1 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment, 2003-20
B1.3.2 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by income level of source and destination countries, 2003-20
B1.3.3 Composition of greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment and business activity, 2003-20
B1.3.4 Share of cross-border M&
A projects in the health sector, by segment, 2015-20
1.6 MNCs' contribution to global value added and exports varies by industry
1.7 Global trade of medical goods has consistently increased
1.8 Pharmaceuticals dominate the medical goods sector, and the various product groups' shares in total medical goods trade have remained fairly constant.
1.9 Medical goods trade is highly concentrated in high-income economies
1.10 PPE trade increasingly originates in Asia
1.11 Trade in medical services hit US78.6 billion in 2019
1.12 High-income economies account for the bulk of trade in medical services
1.13 Medical services exports are concentrated in a few economies
1.14 Different Asian exporters of medical services trade differently
1.15 Medical services imports are concentrated in a few economies
1.16 The growth rate of China's medical goods exports in 2020 dwarfed those of the other top five suppliers
1.17 Exports of PPE soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic
1.18 Trade in COVID-19 vaccines grew at an accelerated pace, but distribution was unequal
1.19 In 2020, medical services traded through modes 2 and 4 fell sharply while mode 1 surged
1.20 Low- and middle-income economies saw sharp declines in health services trade in 2020
1.21 Medical services exports through mode 2 dropped in 2020
1.22 The vaccine value chains
2.1 High-income economies have consistently lower tariffs across all medical product groups
2.2 WTO-notified quantitative restrictions, by type and member income group, 2018-19
2.3 Progress on implementation commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
2.4 Trade in medical services faces many trade barriers
2.5 Implementation of good governance practices in the medical services sector
2.6 Recognition of foreign qualifications in the medical services sector
2.7 Government support measures for the medical goods sector predated the pandemic
2.8 Patterns of trade policy intervention affecting medical goods during the COVID-19 pandemic
2.9 Medical goods trade covered by import and export policy measures, January 2020 to January 2022.
2.10 Impact of COVID-19-related trade policies on trade costs of medical goods imports, by type
2.11 NRA decisions on WHO-EUL COVID-19 vaccines, December 2020 to February 2022
2.12 Weekly breakdown of active subsidy policy interventions affecting medical goods since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (excluding China), January 2020 to March 2022
3.1 Average MFN applied tariff, bound duties, and binding coverage of medical goods, by product category and income level
B3.4.1 Health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, and the LDC beneficiaries of those programs, 2018-20
B3.4.2 Types of health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, 2018-20
3.2 Low levels of GATS commitments in medical services trade
3.3 The best bilateral or regional trade agreements include more medical services commitments than in GATS
Tables
1.1 Medical goods covered in the report
1.2 GATS modes of supply in trade of medical services
B2.1.1 Foreign value-added share of local health care costs, 2004-19
B2.1.2 Simulation results: Long-run annual income gains from tariff cuts in the health care sector, by income group and region
2.1 Duration of currently active COVID-19 policy measures affecting medical goods trade
4.1 Trade and trade-related policy actions to improve prevention, preparedness, and response for future pandemics.
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
OVERVIEW
Introduction
Trade flows in medical goods and services
Policies affecting trade in medical goods and services
Deepening cooperation on medical goods and services trade
Notes
References
INTRODUCTION
Stronger trade systems for better global health security
Organization of the report
Reference
1 TRADE FLOWS IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES
The medical goods and services trade: Relevance, characteristics, and welfare implications
Drivers of trade in medical goods and services
Functioning of medical supply chains
Patterns in medical goods and services trade before the pandemic
Developments in medical goods and services trade during the pandemic
Notes
References
2 TRADE POLICIES IN MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES
Policies affecting medical goods and services trade under normal conditions
Policies affecting medical goods and services trade during the COVID-19 pandemic
Notes
References
3 DEEPENING COOPERATION ON MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE
International cooperation on trade in medical goods
Trade policy cooperation to contribute to global health security
Cooperation beyond trade agreements for global health security
Notes
References
4 LEVERAGING MEDICAL GOODS AND SERVICES TRADE FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS: AN ACTION PLAN
The need for action and reform now
Proposals and priorities
Reference
Boxes
1.1 Access to health care: The role of (trade in) health insurance services
1.2 WHO's Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel-and the blurred boundaries between trade in medical services and migration of health workers
1.3 Recent FDI trends in medical goods and services.
2.1 General equilibrium analysis of trade and health care costs
2.2 Development of export-oriented medical services in selected countries
3.1 RTA cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic
3.2 Pricing policies for medical goods in the context of international trade
3.3 Potential commitments to bolster governance of trade policy in global crises
3.4 Health technology transfer to least developed countries
3.5 Traceability and illicit trade in medical products in Africa
Figures
1.1 The largest economies, not always high-income economies, are the largest exporters of medical goods and services, leading to concentration
1.2 The yearly probability of a pandemic worse than the 1918 influenza pandemic has increased substantially since the 1600s
1.3 Growth in GDP per capita is tightly correlated with growth in health spending, though slightly less so in high-income countries
1.4 Across economies, population aging explains little of the growth in health spending per capita
B1.1.1 Private health insurance schemes as a share of total health expenditure in selected countries, 2019
1.5 The health care global value chain
B1.3.1 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment, 2003-20
B1.3.2 Greenfield FDI in the health sector, by income level of source and destination countries, 2003-20
B1.3.3 Composition of greenfield FDI in the health sector, by segment and business activity, 2003-20
B1.3.4 Share of cross-border M&
A projects in the health sector, by segment, 2015-20
1.6 MNCs' contribution to global value added and exports varies by industry
1.7 Global trade of medical goods has consistently increased
1.8 Pharmaceuticals dominate the medical goods sector, and the various product groups' shares in total medical goods trade have remained fairly constant.
1.9 Medical goods trade is highly concentrated in high-income economies
1.10 PPE trade increasingly originates in Asia
1.11 Trade in medical services hit US78.6 billion in 2019
1.12 High-income economies account for the bulk of trade in medical services
1.13 Medical services exports are concentrated in a few economies
1.14 Different Asian exporters of medical services trade differently
1.15 Medical services imports are concentrated in a few economies
1.16 The growth rate of China's medical goods exports in 2020 dwarfed those of the other top five suppliers
1.17 Exports of PPE soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic
1.18 Trade in COVID-19 vaccines grew at an accelerated pace, but distribution was unequal
1.19 In 2020, medical services traded through modes 2 and 4 fell sharply while mode 1 surged
1.20 Low- and middle-income economies saw sharp declines in health services trade in 2020
1.21 Medical services exports through mode 2 dropped in 2020
1.22 The vaccine value chains
2.1 High-income economies have consistently lower tariffs across all medical product groups
2.2 WTO-notified quantitative restrictions, by type and member income group, 2018-19
2.3 Progress on implementation commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
2.4 Trade in medical services faces many trade barriers
2.5 Implementation of good governance practices in the medical services sector
2.6 Recognition of foreign qualifications in the medical services sector
2.7 Government support measures for the medical goods sector predated the pandemic
2.8 Patterns of trade policy intervention affecting medical goods during the COVID-19 pandemic
2.9 Medical goods trade covered by import and export policy measures, January 2020 to January 2022.
2.10 Impact of COVID-19-related trade policies on trade costs of medical goods imports, by type
2.11 NRA decisions on WHO-EUL COVID-19 vaccines, December 2020 to February 2022
2.12 Weekly breakdown of active subsidy policy interventions affecting medical goods since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (excluding China), January 2020 to March 2022
3.1 Average MFN applied tariff, bound duties, and binding coverage of medical goods, by product category and income level
B3.4.1 Health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, and the LDC beneficiaries of those programs, 2018-20
B3.4.2 Types of health technology transfer programs reported by WTO developed country members under TRIPS Agreement, art. 66.2, 2018-20
3.2 Low levels of GATS commitments in medical services trade
3.3 The best bilateral or regional trade agreements include more medical services commitments than in GATS
Tables
1.1 Medical goods covered in the report
1.2 GATS modes of supply in trade of medical services
B2.1.1 Foreign value-added share of local health care costs, 2004-19
B2.1.2 Simulation results: Long-run annual income gains from tariff cuts in the health care sector, by income group and region
2.1 Duration of currently active COVID-19 policy measures affecting medical goods trade
4.1 Trade and trade-related policy actions to improve prevention, preparedness, and response for future pandemics.