Introduction Fixers: Toward an alternative history of translation and literature
Historical realities: strategy, loyalty, and gift ; The politics of translation: foreign language acquisition, conversion, and colonization (thirteenth- and fourteenth-century crusade treatises) ; The economy of translation: missionaries to the Mongol Empire, pilgrims to the Holy Land, and the gift of languages (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries)
Disciplinary realities: authorship, genre, and literary history ; The ethics of translation: loyalty, commensuration, and literary forms in the fourteenth century (Machaut, Froissart, Mézières) ; Fixer literature: (pseudo)translation and manuscript illumination (the fifteenth-century court of Burgundy) ; The hermeneutics of translation: authorship and genre (the fifteenth-century court of Burgundy)
Conclusion Fixers: early world literature in the age of the global.