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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: Locating the Study in Historical and Political Context 1
Dilemmas of Difference and the Ideal of Inclusive Schooling 5
A Critical Feminist Stance 8
Placing City and Town Schools in the Historical Context of School Inclusiveness 10
Placing British Columbia within the Current North American Political Mood 15
Pregnant Students: No Uniform Meaning 19
Chapter 2 Pregnant with Meaning: Teen Mothers as Catch-all Enemies 25
"Stupid Sluts" 27
"Children Having Children" 31
"Welfare Moms" 35
"Dropouts" 37
"Neglectful Mothers" 38
Flash Point: The Case of Teen Mothers Who Smoke 40
Images Refracted through Lenses of Gender, Sexuality, Class, and Race 42
Contradictory and Overlapping Negative Images 45
Chapter 3 Good Choices Discourse: A Fashionable, Flawed Attempt to Avoid Stigma 47
Good Choices Discourse: Spanning the Ideological Divide 48
Choice to Have Premarital Sex 52
Choice to Use Contraception 53
Choice to Have an Abortion 55
Choice to Marry 57
Opting for Adoption versus Keeping the Baby 58
Choice to Have a Second Baby 60
Subtexts of the Good Choices Discourse 61
Chapter 4 Stigma Stories in the Media: Four Discourses about Teen Mothers, Welfare, and Poverty 67
Media and Discourse Theory 68
A Critical Feminist Interpretation of the Scholarly Research on Teen Mothers, Welfare, and Poverty 70
Stigma Contest: Discourses about Teen Mothers 73
Implications 87
Chapter 5 Integrating Teen Mothers into City and Town Schools: Coping with the Dilemma of Difference 91
Creating Community Buy-In 93
Fighting for Visibility: The Politics of Location 96
Building Political Support within the School 99
Monitoring Student Attendance and Progress 104
Providing Support and Accommodation 106
Using Teen Mothers as Role Models: "Shining Stars" or "Communicators of Reality"? 107
Advocating with and for Teen Mothers 112
Chapter 6 Therapeutic Haven Versus Real-World Microcosm: How Citizenship Challenges the Dichotomy 121
Teen-Age Parents Program as Haven 123
Teen-Age Parents Program as Real-World Microcosm 137
Chapter 7 Inconceivable Conceptions: The Politics of Silence at Town School 149
Play's the Thing That Silences 150
"Emperor's-New-Clothes" Approach to Sexuality Education 153
Teen Mothers Enter: Muted and Conflicting Voices 156
Chapter 8 Warning Labels: Stigma and the Popularizing of the Stories of Teen Mothers 161
Appeal of Play-Building and the Pitfalls of Experience as a Building Block 162
Enter the Ethnographer, Stage Left 164
Building the Play 165
Performing the Play, Answering Questions 172
Interpreting the Play 176
Chapter 9 Studying Up, Down, and Across in Schools; Speaking About, For, and With Teen Mothers: Dilemmas of a Critical Feminist Ethnographer 185
Studying Up, Down, and Across in Schools: Fieldwork Dilemmas 188
Speaking About, For, and With Teen Mothers: Writing Dilemmas 204
Chapter 10 Teen Mothers and the Inclusive Ideal: Toward a Critical Feminist Stance 213
Reproductive Rights for All Women, Regardless of Age, Class, and Race 214
Nurturing Agency, Promoting Collective Social Responsibility 215
Challenging the Dependence-Independence Dichotomy 216
Challenging the Ideologies of the Good Mother and Good Father 218
Translating the Critical Feminist Stance into Policy 219.
Dilemmas of Difference and the Ideal of Inclusive Schooling 5
A Critical Feminist Stance 8
Placing City and Town Schools in the Historical Context of School Inclusiveness 10
Placing British Columbia within the Current North American Political Mood 15
Pregnant Students: No Uniform Meaning 19
Chapter 2 Pregnant with Meaning: Teen Mothers as Catch-all Enemies 25
"Stupid Sluts" 27
"Children Having Children" 31
"Welfare Moms" 35
"Dropouts" 37
"Neglectful Mothers" 38
Flash Point: The Case of Teen Mothers Who Smoke 40
Images Refracted through Lenses of Gender, Sexuality, Class, and Race 42
Contradictory and Overlapping Negative Images 45
Chapter 3 Good Choices Discourse: A Fashionable, Flawed Attempt to Avoid Stigma 47
Good Choices Discourse: Spanning the Ideological Divide 48
Choice to Have Premarital Sex 52
Choice to Use Contraception 53
Choice to Have an Abortion 55
Choice to Marry 57
Opting for Adoption versus Keeping the Baby 58
Choice to Have a Second Baby 60
Subtexts of the Good Choices Discourse 61
Chapter 4 Stigma Stories in the Media: Four Discourses about Teen Mothers, Welfare, and Poverty 67
Media and Discourse Theory 68
A Critical Feminist Interpretation of the Scholarly Research on Teen Mothers, Welfare, and Poverty 70
Stigma Contest: Discourses about Teen Mothers 73
Implications 87
Chapter 5 Integrating Teen Mothers into City and Town Schools: Coping with the Dilemma of Difference 91
Creating Community Buy-In 93
Fighting for Visibility: The Politics of Location 96
Building Political Support within the School 99
Monitoring Student Attendance and Progress 104
Providing Support and Accommodation 106
Using Teen Mothers as Role Models: "Shining Stars" or "Communicators of Reality"? 107
Advocating with and for Teen Mothers 112
Chapter 6 Therapeutic Haven Versus Real-World Microcosm: How Citizenship Challenges the Dichotomy 121
Teen-Age Parents Program as Haven 123
Teen-Age Parents Program as Real-World Microcosm 137
Chapter 7 Inconceivable Conceptions: The Politics of Silence at Town School 149
Play's the Thing That Silences 150
"Emperor's-New-Clothes" Approach to Sexuality Education 153
Teen Mothers Enter: Muted and Conflicting Voices 156
Chapter 8 Warning Labels: Stigma and the Popularizing of the Stories of Teen Mothers 161
Appeal of Play-Building and the Pitfalls of Experience as a Building Block 162
Enter the Ethnographer, Stage Left 164
Building the Play 165
Performing the Play, Answering Questions 172
Interpreting the Play 176
Chapter 9 Studying Up, Down, and Across in Schools; Speaking About, For, and With Teen Mothers: Dilemmas of a Critical Feminist Ethnographer 185
Studying Up, Down, and Across in Schools: Fieldwork Dilemmas 188
Speaking About, For, and With Teen Mothers: Writing Dilemmas 204
Chapter 10 Teen Mothers and the Inclusive Ideal: Toward a Critical Feminist Stance 213
Reproductive Rights for All Women, Regardless of Age, Class, and Race 214
Nurturing Agency, Promoting Collective Social Responsibility 215
Challenging the Dependence-Independence Dichotomy 216
Challenging the Ideologies of the Good Mother and Good Father 218
Translating the Critical Feminist Stance into Policy 219.