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Table of Contents
Preface; Acknowledgement; Contents; Chapter-1; Introduction; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Characteristics of Tunnel Fires; 1.3 Mitigation Systems in Tunnels; 1.4 Incidents in Tunnel; 1.4.1 Fires in Road Tunnels; 1.4.2 Fires in Rail Tunnels; 1.4.3 Fires in Metro Tunnels; 1.5 Summary; References; Chpater-2; Fuel and Ventilation Controlled Fires; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Fire Development in Building Fires; 2.3 Fire Development in Tunnel Fires; 2.4 Fuel or Ventilation Control in a Compartment Fire; 2.5 Fuel or Ventilation Control in a Tunnel with Longitudinal Flow; 2.5.1 Fuel Control
2.5.2 Ventilation Control2.5.3 Determination of Combustion Mode; 2.6 Effects of Vitiation on the Combustion Process; 2.7 Summary; References; Chapter-3; Tunnel Fire Tests; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Overview of Large-Scale Tunnel Experiments; 3.3 Large-Scale Tunnel Fire Tests; 3.3.1 Ofenegg 1965; 3.3.2 Glasgow 1970; 3.3.3 The West Meon Tests in Early 1970s; 3.3.4 Zwenberg 1975; 3.3.5 P.W.R.I 1980; 3.3.6 TUB-VTT Tests 1986; 3.3.7 EUREKA EU499 Tests 1990-1992; 3.3.8 Memorial Tunnel Tests 1993-1995; 3.3.9 Shimizu No. 3 2001; 3.3.10 2nd Benelux Tests 2002; 3.3.11 Runehamar 2003
3.3.12 METRO Tests 20113.3.13 Carleton University Laboratory Train Tests 2011; 3.3.14 Singapore Tests 2011; 3.3.15 Runehamar Test 2013; 3.4 Model Scale Fire Tests; 3.4.1 The TNO Tests; 3.4.2 Automatic Water Spray System Tests; 3.4.3 Longitudinal Ventilation Tests; 3.4.4 Point Extraction Ventilation Tests; 3.4.5 Tunnel Cross-Section Tests; 3.5 Summary; References; Chapter-4; Heat Release Rates in Tunnels; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Measured HRR in Different Vehicles; 4.2.1 Road Vehicles; 4.2.1.1 Passenger Cars; 4.2.1.2 Buses; 4.2.1.3 Heavy Goods Vehicles; 4.2.1.4 Tanker Fires
4.2.1.5 Pool Fires (Liquid)4.2.1.6 Construction Vehicles; 4.2.1.7 Rubber Tyres; 4.2.2 Railway Rolling Stock; 4.3 Parameters Influencing the HRR; 4.3.1 Heat Feedback; 4.3.2 Effects of Tunnel Geometry; 4.3.3 Effects of Ventilation on Peak HRR; 4.3.4 Fuel-Controlled Fires; 4.3.5 Ventilation-Controlled Fires; 4.4 HRR per Exposed Fuel Surface Area; 4.4.1 Liquids; 4.4.2 Solid Materials; 4.4.3 Vehicle Fires; 4.5 Summary; References; Chapter-5; Fire Growth Rates in Tunnels; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Theory of Fire Growth Rate; 5.2.1 Opposed Flow Spread (Upstream); 5.2.2 Wind-Aided Spread (Downstream)
5.2.3 Relationship Between FGR and Flame Spread Rate5.2.4 Fuels Consisting of Several Parts; 5.3 Correlations for Fire Growth Rate; 5.3.1 Comparison with Model Scale Tests; 5.3.2 Comparison with Full Scale Tests; 5.4 The Effects of Windbreaks on Fire Growth Rates; 5.5 Summary; References; Chapter-6; Design Fire Curves; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Design Fire Methods; 6.2.1 Constant Values for Design Fires; 6.2.2 Time Dependent Methods for Design Fires; 6.3 Exponential Design Fire Curve Method with Superposition; 6.3.1 Determination of Design Fire Scenarios; 6.3.2 Maximum Heat Release Rate
2.5.2 Ventilation Control2.5.3 Determination of Combustion Mode; 2.6 Effects of Vitiation on the Combustion Process; 2.7 Summary; References; Chapter-3; Tunnel Fire Tests; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Overview of Large-Scale Tunnel Experiments; 3.3 Large-Scale Tunnel Fire Tests; 3.3.1 Ofenegg 1965; 3.3.2 Glasgow 1970; 3.3.3 The West Meon Tests in Early 1970s; 3.3.4 Zwenberg 1975; 3.3.5 P.W.R.I 1980; 3.3.6 TUB-VTT Tests 1986; 3.3.7 EUREKA EU499 Tests 1990-1992; 3.3.8 Memorial Tunnel Tests 1993-1995; 3.3.9 Shimizu No. 3 2001; 3.3.10 2nd Benelux Tests 2002; 3.3.11 Runehamar 2003
3.3.12 METRO Tests 20113.3.13 Carleton University Laboratory Train Tests 2011; 3.3.14 Singapore Tests 2011; 3.3.15 Runehamar Test 2013; 3.4 Model Scale Fire Tests; 3.4.1 The TNO Tests; 3.4.2 Automatic Water Spray System Tests; 3.4.3 Longitudinal Ventilation Tests; 3.4.4 Point Extraction Ventilation Tests; 3.4.5 Tunnel Cross-Section Tests; 3.5 Summary; References; Chapter-4; Heat Release Rates in Tunnels; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Measured HRR in Different Vehicles; 4.2.1 Road Vehicles; 4.2.1.1 Passenger Cars; 4.2.1.2 Buses; 4.2.1.3 Heavy Goods Vehicles; 4.2.1.4 Tanker Fires
4.2.1.5 Pool Fires (Liquid)4.2.1.6 Construction Vehicles; 4.2.1.7 Rubber Tyres; 4.2.2 Railway Rolling Stock; 4.3 Parameters Influencing the HRR; 4.3.1 Heat Feedback; 4.3.2 Effects of Tunnel Geometry; 4.3.3 Effects of Ventilation on Peak HRR; 4.3.4 Fuel-Controlled Fires; 4.3.5 Ventilation-Controlled Fires; 4.4 HRR per Exposed Fuel Surface Area; 4.4.1 Liquids; 4.4.2 Solid Materials; 4.4.3 Vehicle Fires; 4.5 Summary; References; Chapter-5; Fire Growth Rates in Tunnels; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Theory of Fire Growth Rate; 5.2.1 Opposed Flow Spread (Upstream); 5.2.2 Wind-Aided Spread (Downstream)
5.2.3 Relationship Between FGR and Flame Spread Rate5.2.4 Fuels Consisting of Several Parts; 5.3 Correlations for Fire Growth Rate; 5.3.1 Comparison with Model Scale Tests; 5.3.2 Comparison with Full Scale Tests; 5.4 The Effects of Windbreaks on Fire Growth Rates; 5.5 Summary; References; Chapter-6; Design Fire Curves; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Design Fire Methods; 6.2.1 Constant Values for Design Fires; 6.2.2 Time Dependent Methods for Design Fires; 6.3 Exponential Design Fire Curve Method with Superposition; 6.3.1 Determination of Design Fire Scenarios; 6.3.2 Maximum Heat Release Rate