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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments; Contents; 1.1 The Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami; Chapter-1; Introduction: The Demographic Impacts from the Great East Japan Earthquake; 1.2 The Demographic Impacts; 1.3 Comparing the Population Projections: Prefectures Level; 1.3.1 Total Population; 1.3.2 Population Aging; 1.4 Comparing the Population Projections: Cities Level; 1.4.1 Total Population; 1.4.2 Population Aging; 1.5 Impacts of the Great East Japan Earthquake; 1.6 About This Book; References; Chapter-2; Population Prospects in Japanese Society; 2.1 From Population Growth to Decline
2.2 Changing Dependency Ratios as Indicators of Child/Elder Care Costs2.2.1 Actual Value of Demographic Care Cost (Dependency Ratio); 2.2.2 Minimum Value of Demographic Care Cost (NRR = 1.00, The Effect of Life Expectancy); 2.2.3 Optimal Value of Demographic Care Cost (NRR 1, The Effect of Fertility); 2.3 Depopulation at Sub-national Level: Shrinking Regions; 2.3.1 Population Decline at Sub-national Level; 2.3.2 Dependency Ratios at Sub-national Level; 2.3.3 Problems of the Shrinking Regions; 2.3.4 What means Depopulation at Sub-national Level?; References; Chapter-3
Demographic Transition and Child/Elderly Care Cost3.1 Optimal Care Cost and Net Reproduction Rate; 3.2 Historical Change of Optimal Care Cost Curves; 3.3 The Effects of Rising Longevity on Child/Elder Care Costs; 3.3.1 Female Life Expectancy and Child/Elder Care Costs; 3.3.2 Age-specific Mortalities (‰) (3 age groups); 3.3.3 Women's survival rate at selected age; References; Chapter-4; Historical Process and Background of Fertility Decline in Japan; 4.1 Female Life Expectancy and Survival Rate of Women; 4.2 Fertility Effects of the Rising Survival Rate of Women at Reproductive Age
4.3 Mean Number of Children Ever Born to Women4.4 Decreasing Number of Children; 4.5 Causal Model of Demographic Transition in Japan; 4.5.1 First Phase (Increase in Life Expectancy from Aged 40 to 70 Years); 4.5.2 Second Phase (Extension of Life Expectancy Beyond Aged 70 Years); 4.6 Conditions for Recovering the Replacement Fertility Level; References; Chapter-5; Sustainability of Japan as a Shrinking Society; 5.1 Increasing Conflicts on the Redistribution Between Different Social Groups; 5.2 Collapse of National Finances; 5.2.1 Increasing National Debt
5.2.2 Demographic Impact on National Finances5.2.3 Redistribution Policies; 5.3 Social Security Reform; 5.3.1 Increasing Social Security Cost; 5.3.2 Necessary Changes to Sustainable Social Security System; 5.3.3 Expanding Life Time and the Role of Social Security Service; References; Chapter-6; Policy Measures for a Shrinking Society; 6.1 Family Policies for Recovering Replacement Fertility; 6.1.1 Social Responsibility for Reproduction; 6.1.2 Promotion of Gender Equality in Japan; 6.1.3 Family Policy Measures for the Social Reproduction; 6.1.4 Career Design for Next Generation
2.2 Changing Dependency Ratios as Indicators of Child/Elder Care Costs2.2.1 Actual Value of Demographic Care Cost (Dependency Ratio); 2.2.2 Minimum Value of Demographic Care Cost (NRR = 1.00, The Effect of Life Expectancy); 2.2.3 Optimal Value of Demographic Care Cost (NRR 1, The Effect of Fertility); 2.3 Depopulation at Sub-national Level: Shrinking Regions; 2.3.1 Population Decline at Sub-national Level; 2.3.2 Dependency Ratios at Sub-national Level; 2.3.3 Problems of the Shrinking Regions; 2.3.4 What means Depopulation at Sub-national Level?; References; Chapter-3
Demographic Transition and Child/Elderly Care Cost3.1 Optimal Care Cost and Net Reproduction Rate; 3.2 Historical Change of Optimal Care Cost Curves; 3.3 The Effects of Rising Longevity on Child/Elder Care Costs; 3.3.1 Female Life Expectancy and Child/Elder Care Costs; 3.3.2 Age-specific Mortalities (‰) (3 age groups); 3.3.3 Women's survival rate at selected age; References; Chapter-4; Historical Process and Background of Fertility Decline in Japan; 4.1 Female Life Expectancy and Survival Rate of Women; 4.2 Fertility Effects of the Rising Survival Rate of Women at Reproductive Age
4.3 Mean Number of Children Ever Born to Women4.4 Decreasing Number of Children; 4.5 Causal Model of Demographic Transition in Japan; 4.5.1 First Phase (Increase in Life Expectancy from Aged 40 to 70 Years); 4.5.2 Second Phase (Extension of Life Expectancy Beyond Aged 70 Years); 4.6 Conditions for Recovering the Replacement Fertility Level; References; Chapter-5; Sustainability of Japan as a Shrinking Society; 5.1 Increasing Conflicts on the Redistribution Between Different Social Groups; 5.2 Collapse of National Finances; 5.2.1 Increasing National Debt
5.2.2 Demographic Impact on National Finances5.2.3 Redistribution Policies; 5.3 Social Security Reform; 5.3.1 Increasing Social Security Cost; 5.3.2 Necessary Changes to Sustainable Social Security System; 5.3.3 Expanding Life Time and the Role of Social Security Service; References; Chapter-6; Policy Measures for a Shrinking Society; 6.1 Family Policies for Recovering Replacement Fertility; 6.1.1 Social Responsibility for Reproduction; 6.1.2 Promotion of Gender Equality in Japan; 6.1.3 Family Policy Measures for the Social Reproduction; 6.1.4 Career Design for Next Generation