Preface; Contents; Chapter 1 Introduction ; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Visual inspection; 1.2 Optical capturing of test objects; 1.3 Formation and definition of an image ; 1.4 Machine vision; 1.5 Practical approach for performing machine vision projects; 1.6 Bibliography; Part I Image Acquisition ; Chapter 2 Light ; 2 Light; 2.1 The phenomenon of light; 2.1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum; 2.2 Light as an electromagnetic wave; 2.2.1 Maxwell's equations; 2.2.2 Polarization; 2.2.3 Huygens' principle; 2.2.4 Coherence; 2.2.5 Interference; 2.2.6 Diffraction; 2.2.7 Speckle

2.3 Light as a quantum phenomenon2.4 The ray model of geometrical optics; 2.5 Summary; 2.6 Interaction of light and matter; 2.6.1 Absorption; 2.6.2 The law of reflection; 2.6.3 The law of refraction; 2.6.4 Scattering; 2.6.5 The Fresnel coefficients for reflection and transmission; 2.6.6 Electromagnetic waves in conductive media; 2.7 Light sources; 2.7.1 Thermal radiators; 2.7.2 Gas-discharge lamps; 2.7.3 Light-emitting diodes; 2.7.4 Laser; 2.7.5 Summary; 2.8 Bibliography; Chapter 3 Optical Imaging ; 3 Optical Imaging; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Imaging with a pinhole camera, central projection

3.3 The camera model and camera calibration3.4 Optical imaging using a single lens; 3.4.1 The paraxial approximation and Gaussian optics; 3.4.2 Thin lens equation; 3.4.3 Bundle limitation; 3.4.4 Depth of field; 3.4.5 Telecentric imaging; 3.4.6 Perspective; 3.4.7 Imaging of tilted planes; 3.4.8 Aberrations; 3.5 Optical instruments with several lenses; 3.5.1 The projector; 3.5.2 The microscope; 3.6 Bibliography; Chapter 4 Radiometry ; 4 Radiometry; 4.1 Radiometric quantities; 4.2 The light field of a test object; 4.3 The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)

4.3.1 BRDF and scattered light4.4 Formation of image values; 4.4.1 Application to a thin lens; 4.5 Bibliography; Chapter 5 Color ; 5 Color; 5.1 Photometry; 5.2 Color perception and color spaces; 5.2.1 Color perception of the human eye; 5.2.2 Color mixing; 5.2.3 CIE color spaces; 5.2.4 Spectrophotometry for color measurement and color distance computation; 5.2.5 Color order systems; 5.2.6 Other color spaces; 5.3 Filters; 5.4 Acquisition and processing of color images; 5.5 Bibliography; Chapter 6 Sensors for Image Acquisition ; 6 Sensors for Image Acquisition; 6.1 Point, line and area sensors

6.2 Image tube cameras6.3 Photomultipliers; 6.3.1 Image intensifiers; 6.4 Photodiodes; 6.5 Position sensitive detectors (PSD); 6.6 Charge-coupled device (CCD); 6.7 Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors; 6.8 Line-scan cameras; 6.9 Color sensors and color cameras; 6.10 Infrared cameras; 6.10.1 Bolometer cameras; 6.10.2 Infrared quantum detector cameras; 6.11 Quality criteria for image sensors; 6.12 Bibliography; Chapter 7 Methods of Image Acquisition ; 7 Methods of Image Acquisition; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Measuring optical properties