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Acknowledgements; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: Biology of Bone; Overview; Bone Growth and Development; Bone Cell Differentiation; Osteoprogenitors, Osteoblasts, and Osteocytes; Regulators of Osteoblastic Cell Differentiation and Function; Wnt Signaling Molecules; Parathyroid Hormone; Vitamin D3; Estrogen; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor; Leptin/[beta] Adrenergic Receptors; Glucocorticoids; Thyroid Hormone; MicroRNAs; Monocytes/Macrophages and Osteoclastogenesis; Modulators of Osteoclastic Cell Differentiation and Function
Bone Turnover Measurement of Bone Turnover; Bone Formation Markers; Bone Resorption Markers; Bone Turnover and Aging; Role of Bone and Bone Cells in Stem Cell Biology; References; 2: Aging and Bone; Introduction; Aging: A Definition; Contribution of Telomere Shortening to Age-Related Osteoblast Dysfunction; Other Aspects of Cellular Senescence; Aging and Bone Physiology; Skeletal Stem Cell (Also Known as Bone Marrow Stromal or Mesenchymal Stem Cells) (BMSC); The Inverse Relationship Between Adipocytes and Osteoblasts
Biochemical Signaling Pathways, Genetic and Pharmaceutical Targets in Aging Why Fat?; Which Fat?; What Makes It Bone vs. Fat?; Apoptosis and the Aging Bone; References; 3: Calciotropic Hormones; Calcium; Vitamin D; Parathyroid Hormone; Calcitonin; Summary/Conclusion; References; 4: The Muscle-Bone Connection; Mechanical Coupling of Bones and Muscles; Beyond Mechanical Coupling: Bone-Muscle Developmental and Genetic Coupling; Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS); Disease Conditions with Multiple Tissue Effects; The Unique Case of Fracture Healing
Bones and Muscles as Endocrine Organs Bone as an Endocrine Organ; Muscle as an Endocrine Organ; Interplay Between Bones and Muscles as Endocrine Organs; Musculoskeletal Diseases: The Special Cases of Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia; The Role of Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons in Bone-Muscle Crosstalk; Crosstalk in MSK Development; Bone-Cartilage Crosstalk; Tendon-Muscle Crosstalk; Concluding Remarks and Future Directions; References; 5: Sex Steroids and Aging Bone; Introduction; Methodologic Issues; Sex Steroids and Age
Sex Steroids and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Women; Men; Sex Steroids, Volumetric BMD and Skeletal Structure; Sex Steroids and Fractures; Women; Men; Summary; References; 6: Animal Models for Aging Bone; Introduction; Normally Aged Animal Models; Genetic Manipulation and Accelerated Aging; Osteopenia Caused by Decrease in Bone Formation; The Aging Phenotype and Defects in Mineral Metabolism; What Mouse Models Teach; References; 7: Osteoporosis as a Geriatric Syndrome; Introduction; What is a Geriatric Syndrome?; The Case for Osteoporotic Fractures as a Geriatric Syndrome
Bone Turnover Measurement of Bone Turnover; Bone Formation Markers; Bone Resorption Markers; Bone Turnover and Aging; Role of Bone and Bone Cells in Stem Cell Biology; References; 2: Aging and Bone; Introduction; Aging: A Definition; Contribution of Telomere Shortening to Age-Related Osteoblast Dysfunction; Other Aspects of Cellular Senescence; Aging and Bone Physiology; Skeletal Stem Cell (Also Known as Bone Marrow Stromal or Mesenchymal Stem Cells) (BMSC); The Inverse Relationship Between Adipocytes and Osteoblasts
Biochemical Signaling Pathways, Genetic and Pharmaceutical Targets in Aging Why Fat?; Which Fat?; What Makes It Bone vs. Fat?; Apoptosis and the Aging Bone; References; 3: Calciotropic Hormones; Calcium; Vitamin D; Parathyroid Hormone; Calcitonin; Summary/Conclusion; References; 4: The Muscle-Bone Connection; Mechanical Coupling of Bones and Muscles; Beyond Mechanical Coupling: Bone-Muscle Developmental and Genetic Coupling; Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS); Disease Conditions with Multiple Tissue Effects; The Unique Case of Fracture Healing
Bones and Muscles as Endocrine Organs Bone as an Endocrine Organ; Muscle as an Endocrine Organ; Interplay Between Bones and Muscles as Endocrine Organs; Musculoskeletal Diseases: The Special Cases of Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia; The Role of Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons in Bone-Muscle Crosstalk; Crosstalk in MSK Development; Bone-Cartilage Crosstalk; Tendon-Muscle Crosstalk; Concluding Remarks and Future Directions; References; 5: Sex Steroids and Aging Bone; Introduction; Methodologic Issues; Sex Steroids and Age
Sex Steroids and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Women; Men; Sex Steroids, Volumetric BMD and Skeletal Structure; Sex Steroids and Fractures; Women; Men; Summary; References; 6: Animal Models for Aging Bone; Introduction; Normally Aged Animal Models; Genetic Manipulation and Accelerated Aging; Osteopenia Caused by Decrease in Bone Formation; The Aging Phenotype and Defects in Mineral Metabolism; What Mouse Models Teach; References; 7: Osteoporosis as a Geriatric Syndrome; Introduction; What is a Geriatric Syndrome?; The Case for Osteoporotic Fractures as a Geriatric Syndrome