Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Acronyms and Abbreviations; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Background; 1.1 Project History; 1.2 Research Objectives and Project Scope; 1.2.1 Literature Review and Gap Analysis; 1.2.2 Fire Test Plan; 1.2.3 Witness of Fire Testing; 1.2.4 Final Report; 2 Literature Review and Gap Analysis; 2.1 Energy Storage Overview; 2.2 Commercial and Residential ESS Overview; 2.3 Li-ion Battery Overview; 2.3.1 Anatomy of a Li-ion Cell; 2.3.2 Li-ion Cell Characteristics and Hazards; 2.3.3 Li-ion Battery Design; 2.4 ESS Codes and Standards

2.4.1 Safety Standards2.4.2 Codes and Regulations; 2.4.2.1 Electrical Codes; 2.4.2.2 Building and Fire Codes; 2.5 ESS Fire Incidents; 2.5.1 Kahuku Wind Energy Storage Farm Battery ESS Fires; 2.5.2 Arizona Public Service Company ESS Fire; 2.6 Li-ion Battery Fires; 2.7 Gap Analysis; References; 3 Testing Program Summary; 3.1 Test Instrumentation Summary; 3.2 Full-Scale Fire Protocols; 3.2.1 External Ignition Testing; 3.2.2 Internal Ignition Testing; 4 ESS Description; 4.1 ESS Battery Pack; 4.1.1 ESS Design Layout; 4.2 ESS Safety Features; 5 Testing Setup; 5.1 External Ignition Testing

5.1.1 ESS Positioning5.1.2 Burner Description (Ignition Source); 5.1.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements; 5.1.4 Pressure Measurements; 5.1.5 Products of Combustion Gas Sampling; 5.1.6 Weather Meter; 5.1.7 Data Acquisition System; 5.1.8 Still Photography and High Definition Video; 5.2 Internal Ignition Testing; 5.2.1 ESS Positioning; 5.2.2 Internal Failure (Ignition Source); 5.2.3 Temperature Measurements; 5.2.4 Pressure Measurements; 5.2.5 Products of Combustion Gas Sampling; 5.2.6 Weather Meter; 5.2.7 Data Acquisition System; 5.2.8 Still Photography and High Definition Video

6 Test Results6.1 External Ignition Testing; 6.1.1 Test Observations; 6.1.2 Temperatures and Heat Flux Measurements; 6.1.3 Pressure Measurements; 6.1.4 Gas Sampling Measurements; 6.1.5 Post Test; 6.2 Internal Ignition Testing; 6.2.1 Test Observations; 6.2.2 Temperatures; 6.2.3 Pressure Measurements; 6.2.4 Gas Sampling Measurements; 6.2.5 Post Test; 7 Key Findings; 7.1 Literature Review Summary; 7.1.1 Electrical, Fire, and Building Codes; 7.1.2 Design Standards; 7.1.3 ESS Fires; 7.1.4 Knowledge Gaps; 7.2 Test Summary; 7.2.1 Overall Test Observations; 7.2.2 Flame Spread Hazards

7.2.3 Products of Combustion Hazards8 Recommendations and Future Work; Appendix A External Ignition Test: Temperatureand Heat Flux Plots ; Appendix B External Ignition Test: Pressure Plot ; Appendix C External Ignition Test: Gas Sampling Plot ; Appendix D Internal Ignition Test: Temperature Plots ; Appendix E Internal Ignition Test: Pressure Plots ; Appendix F Internal Ignition Test: Gas Sampling Plot