Hepatic Stellate Cells in Liver Fibrosis and siRNA-Based Therapy; 1 Introduction; 2 Hepatic Stellate Cells; 2.1 Functions of HSC in the Normal and in the Injured Liver; 2.1.1 Storage of Vitamin A; 2.1.2 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Synthesis and Degradation; 2.1.3 Liver Development and Regeneration; 2.1.4 Immunoregulation Function; 2.2 HSC and Liver Fibrosis; 3 Resolution of Fibrosis; 3.1 Anti-fibrotic Therapeutic Approaches; 3.2 Gene Therapy; 3.3 RNA Interference; 3.3.1 Barriers of siRNA Delivery and Therapy; 4 Lipid-Based siRNA Delivery; 4.1 Cationic Liposomes; 4.2 Neutral Lipids

4.3 Stable Nucleic Acid-Lipid Particles (SNALPs)5 Polymeric Nanoparticles; 5.1 Polyethyleneimine; 5.2 Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA); 5.3 Chitosan; 5.4 Cyclodextrin; 6 SiRNA-Nanotherapeutics and Liver Fibrosis; 7 Conclusion; References; Exosomes: From Functions in Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Opportunities; 1 Introduction; 2 Exosome Biogenesis and Secretion; 3 Exosome Molecular Composition; 4 Exosome as Immunomodulators; 4.1 Exosomes and Innate Immunity; 4.2 Exosomes and Acquired Immunity; 5 Exosomes in Host-Pathogen Interactions

5.1 Exosomes in Fungal Infection5.2 Exosomes in Parasitic Infection; 5.3 Exosomes in Viral Infection; 5.4 Exosomes in Bacterial Infection; 6 Exosomes in Disease States: Applications in Diagnostic, Vaccine, and Therapeutic Approaches; 6.1 Exosomes: Promising Diagnostic Tools; 6.2 Exosome-Based Vaccination: An Encouraging Approach; 6.3 Exosomes: Promising New Conveyors of Therapeutic Molecules; 7 Conclusion; References; The Stress-Response MAP Kinase Signaling in Cardiac Arrhythmias; 1 Introduction; 2 Electrical Remodeling and Arrhythmia Development; 3 Excitation-Contraction Coupling

4 Arrhythmia Initiation and Abnormal Ca2+ Triggered Activities5 Arrhythmia Stabilization; 6 MAPKs and Arrhythmia Development; 7 MAPKs Activation and Pathological Remodeling in the Heart; 8 MAPK Family; 9 Conclusions and Implications; References