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Melanoma; 1 Melanoma-Introduction, History and Epidemiology; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Basics of Structure and Functions of Skin; 1.1.2 Melanocytes; 1.1.3 Melanoma-Definition; 1.1.4 Prominent People Who Were Diagnosed with Melanoma; 1.2 History; 1.2.1 Initial Descriptions of Melanoma; 1.2.2 Hereditary Nature of Melanoma; 1.2.3 Descriptions of Uveal Melanoma; 1.2.4 Introduction of Term 'Melanoma'; 1.2.5 Descriptions of Association Between Melanoma and Skin Color; 1.2.6 Introduction of Clark's Level and Breslow Thickness.
1.2.7 Descriptions of Associations Between Sunlight, MC1R Mutations and Melanoma1.2.8 Description of Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma and CDKN2A Mutations; 1.2.9 Discovery of Ras Oncogenes and Their Relationship with Melanoma; 1.2.9.1 Epidemiology; References; 2 Melanoma-Diagnosis, Subtypes and AJCC Stages; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma; 2.3 Diagnosis; 2.3.1 Dermoscopy; 2.3.2 Total-Body Photography; 2.3.3 In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Laser Microscopy; 2.3.4 Histopathology; 2.3.5 Molecular Diagnosis; 2.4 Types of Melanoma.
2.4.1 Superficial Spreading Melanoma2.4.2 Lentigo Maligna Melanoma; 2.4.3 Acral Lentiginous Melanoma; 2.4.4 Nodular Melanoma; 2.4.5 Desmoplastic Melanoma; 2.4.6 Nevoid Melanoma; 2.4.7 Verrucous Melanoma; 2.5 Melanoma Stages; 2.5.1 Clark Classification; 2.5.2 Breslow Classification; 2.5.3 TNM (Tumor, Node and Metastasis) Classification; 2.5.4 Melanoma Staging-AJCC System; References; 3 Etiology; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 UV Light and Sun Exposure; 3.2.1 Sunlight Exposure and DNA Damage; 3.2.2 Repair of UV Induced DNA Damage; 3.2.3 Xeroderma Pigmentosum; 3.3 Family History.
3.4 Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome3.5 Skin and Hair Color; 3.6 Susceptibility Genes; 3.6.1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A); 3.6.2 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4); 3.6.3 Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R); 3.6.4 Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF); 3.7 Aberrant Signaling Pathways; 3.7.1 c-KIT or KIT; 3.7.2 RAS Family of Proteins; 3.7.3 BRAF Activation; References; 4 Melanoma-Treatment; Abstract; 4.1 Evolution of Treatment in 19th and 20th Centuries; 4.2 Surgery; 4.2.1 Primary Melanoma; 4.2.2 Regional Lymph Node Metastasis.
4.2.3 Metastatic Melanoma4.3 Adjuvant Therapy; 4.3.1 Adjuvant Immunotherapy; 4.3.2 Adjuvant Radiation Therapy; 4.4 Chemotherapy; 4.4.1 Alkylating Agents (Dacarbazine/Temozolomide); 4.4.2 Biochemotherapy; 4.5 Targeted Therapy; 4.5.1 BRAFV600E Inhibitors; 4.5.2 MEK Inhibitors; 4.6 Immunotherapy; 4.7 Recommendations (2013)ßfrom Society of Immunotherapy of Cancer for Stage IV Melanoma; References; Tumor Immunology; 5 Overview of Immune System; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Innate Immune System; 5.2.1 Neutrophils; 5.2.2 Complement System; 5.2.3 Eosinophils; 5.2.4 Mast Cells.
1.2.7 Descriptions of Associations Between Sunlight, MC1R Mutations and Melanoma1.2.8 Description of Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma and CDKN2A Mutations; 1.2.9 Discovery of Ras Oncogenes and Their Relationship with Melanoma; 1.2.9.1 Epidemiology; References; 2 Melanoma-Diagnosis, Subtypes and AJCC Stages; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma; 2.3 Diagnosis; 2.3.1 Dermoscopy; 2.3.2 Total-Body Photography; 2.3.3 In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Laser Microscopy; 2.3.4 Histopathology; 2.3.5 Molecular Diagnosis; 2.4 Types of Melanoma.
2.4.1 Superficial Spreading Melanoma2.4.2 Lentigo Maligna Melanoma; 2.4.3 Acral Lentiginous Melanoma; 2.4.4 Nodular Melanoma; 2.4.5 Desmoplastic Melanoma; 2.4.6 Nevoid Melanoma; 2.4.7 Verrucous Melanoma; 2.5 Melanoma Stages; 2.5.1 Clark Classification; 2.5.2 Breslow Classification; 2.5.3 TNM (Tumor, Node and Metastasis) Classification; 2.5.4 Melanoma Staging-AJCC System; References; 3 Etiology; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 UV Light and Sun Exposure; 3.2.1 Sunlight Exposure and DNA Damage; 3.2.2 Repair of UV Induced DNA Damage; 3.2.3 Xeroderma Pigmentosum; 3.3 Family History.
3.4 Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome3.5 Skin and Hair Color; 3.6 Susceptibility Genes; 3.6.1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A); 3.6.2 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4); 3.6.3 Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R); 3.6.4 Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF); 3.7 Aberrant Signaling Pathways; 3.7.1 c-KIT or KIT; 3.7.2 RAS Family of Proteins; 3.7.3 BRAF Activation; References; 4 Melanoma-Treatment; Abstract; 4.1 Evolution of Treatment in 19th and 20th Centuries; 4.2 Surgery; 4.2.1 Primary Melanoma; 4.2.2 Regional Lymph Node Metastasis.
4.2.3 Metastatic Melanoma4.3 Adjuvant Therapy; 4.3.1 Adjuvant Immunotherapy; 4.3.2 Adjuvant Radiation Therapy; 4.4 Chemotherapy; 4.4.1 Alkylating Agents (Dacarbazine/Temozolomide); 4.4.2 Biochemotherapy; 4.5 Targeted Therapy; 4.5.1 BRAFV600E Inhibitors; 4.5.2 MEK Inhibitors; 4.6 Immunotherapy; 4.7 Recommendations (2013)ßfrom Society of Immunotherapy of Cancer for Stage IV Melanoma; References; Tumor Immunology; 5 Overview of Immune System; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Innate Immune System; 5.2.1 Neutrophils; 5.2.2 Complement System; 5.2.3 Eosinophils; 5.2.4 Mast Cells.