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Table of Contents
Symbols; Subscripts; Abbreviations and Acronyms; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Re-entry Missions; 1.1.1 Re-entry in the 20th Century; 1.1.2 Re-entry in the 21st Century; 1.2 Shape Optimization; 1.3 Overview; 2 Flight Mechanics; 2.1 Flight Environment; 2.1.1 Central Body Shape; 2.1.2 Gravity; 2.1.3 Atmosphere; 2.2 Equations of Motion; 2.2.1 Reference Frames; 2.2.2 Forces; 2.2.3 Entry Equations; 2.3 Guidance Approach; 2.3.1 Capsule; 2.3.2 Winged Vehicle; 2.3.3 Vehicle Stability; 3 Aerothermodynamics; 3.1 Basic Concepts; 3.1.1 Thermodynamic Properties
3.1.2 Characteristics of Super/Hypersonic Flow3.1.3 Viscosity; 3.2 Aerodynamic Loads; 3.3 Local-Inclination Methods; 3.3.1 Description of Methods; 3.3.2 Method Selection; 3.4 Heat Transfer; 3.4.1 Convective Heat Transfer; 3.4.2 Capsule Considerations; 4 Numerical Interpolation; 4.1 Basic Concepts; 4.1.1 Continuity and Convexity; 4.1.2 Linear Interpolation; 4.1.3 Bilinear Interpolation; 4.2 Cubic Spline Curves; 4.2.1 Fundamental Concepts; 4.2.2 Bézier and Hermite Splines; 4.2.3 Avoiding Self-intersection and Concavity; 4.3 Hermite-Spline Surfaces; 5 Vehicle Geometry
5.1 Analytical Parameterization5.2 Winged Vehicle Parameterization; 5.2.1 Fuselage; 5.2.2 Wings; 5.2.3 Fuselage-Wing Interface; 5.2.4 Mass Model; 5.3 Meshed Surfaces; 6 Optimization; 6.1 General Concepts; 6.1.1 Problem Statement; 6.1.2 Multi-objective Optimality; 6.2 Particle-Swarm Optimization; 6.2.1 Method Overview; 6.2.2 Handling of Constraints; 6.2.3 Multi-objective PSO; 6.3 Shape Optimization; 6.3.1 Performance Criteria; 6.3.2 Constraints; 7 Simulator Design; 7.1 Simulation Code; 7.2 Model Validation; 7.2.1 Aerodynamics; 7.2.2 Vehicle Trajectories; 7.3 Simulation Settings; 7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Capsule7.3.3 Winged Vehicle; 8 Shape Analysis
Capsule; 8.1 Monte Carlo Analysis; 8.2 Optimization; 8.2.1 Two-Dimensional Analysis; 8.2.2 Three-Dimensional Optimization; 8.3 Concluding Remarks; 9 Shape Analysis
Winged Vehicle; 9.1 Monte Carlo Analysis; 9.2 Optimization Results; 9.2.1 Baseline Optimization; 9.2.2 Pitch-Stable Optimization; 9.2.3 Heat-Rate Tracking Optimization; 9.3 Concluding Remarks; Appendix A Relative Viscous-Force Approximation; Appendix B Winged-Vehicle Shape Generation Example; B.1 Fuselage Shape; B.2 Wing Shape; Appendix C Optimal Capsule Shapes
C.1 Evolution of Selected Point on Capsule Pareto FrontC.2 Optimal Capsule Shapes; Appendix D Optimal Winged-Vehicle Shapes; D.1 Evolution of Selected Point on Winged-Vehicle Pareto Front; D.2 Optimal Winged-Vehicle Shape Using Benchmark Settings; References ; Index
3.1.2 Characteristics of Super/Hypersonic Flow3.1.3 Viscosity; 3.2 Aerodynamic Loads; 3.3 Local-Inclination Methods; 3.3.1 Description of Methods; 3.3.2 Method Selection; 3.4 Heat Transfer; 3.4.1 Convective Heat Transfer; 3.4.2 Capsule Considerations; 4 Numerical Interpolation; 4.1 Basic Concepts; 4.1.1 Continuity and Convexity; 4.1.2 Linear Interpolation; 4.1.3 Bilinear Interpolation; 4.2 Cubic Spline Curves; 4.2.1 Fundamental Concepts; 4.2.2 Bézier and Hermite Splines; 4.2.3 Avoiding Self-intersection and Concavity; 4.3 Hermite-Spline Surfaces; 5 Vehicle Geometry
5.1 Analytical Parameterization5.2 Winged Vehicle Parameterization; 5.2.1 Fuselage; 5.2.2 Wings; 5.2.3 Fuselage-Wing Interface; 5.2.4 Mass Model; 5.3 Meshed Surfaces; 6 Optimization; 6.1 General Concepts; 6.1.1 Problem Statement; 6.1.2 Multi-objective Optimality; 6.2 Particle-Swarm Optimization; 6.2.1 Method Overview; 6.2.2 Handling of Constraints; 6.2.3 Multi-objective PSO; 6.3 Shape Optimization; 6.3.1 Performance Criteria; 6.3.2 Constraints; 7 Simulator Design; 7.1 Simulation Code; 7.2 Model Validation; 7.2.1 Aerodynamics; 7.2.2 Vehicle Trajectories; 7.3 Simulation Settings; 7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Capsule7.3.3 Winged Vehicle; 8 Shape Analysis
Capsule; 8.1 Monte Carlo Analysis; 8.2 Optimization; 8.2.1 Two-Dimensional Analysis; 8.2.2 Three-Dimensional Optimization; 8.3 Concluding Remarks; 9 Shape Analysis
Winged Vehicle; 9.1 Monte Carlo Analysis; 9.2 Optimization Results; 9.2.1 Baseline Optimization; 9.2.2 Pitch-Stable Optimization; 9.2.3 Heat-Rate Tracking Optimization; 9.3 Concluding Remarks; Appendix A Relative Viscous-Force Approximation; Appendix B Winged-Vehicle Shape Generation Example; B.1 Fuselage Shape; B.2 Wing Shape; Appendix C Optimal Capsule Shapes
C.1 Evolution of Selected Point on Capsule Pareto FrontC.2 Optimal Capsule Shapes; Appendix D Optimal Winged-Vehicle Shapes; D.1 Evolution of Selected Point on Winged-Vehicle Pareto Front; D.2 Optimal Winged-Vehicle Shape Using Benchmark Settings; References ; Index