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Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Nomenclature; Editors and Contributors; 1 Biorefinery Concept; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Biomass Feedstock Biorefinery; 1.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biorefineries; 1.2.2 Marine Biorefineries; 1.3 Biomass Conversion Processes; 1.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion; 1.3.2 Biochemical Conversion; 1.3.3 Advanced Biorefinery; 1.4 Economic and Sustainability Analyses; Acknowledgements; References; 2 Biomass Availability, Potential and Characteristics; Abstract; 2.1 Biomass Definition and Classification; 2.1.1 Types of Biomass; 2.1.1.1 Virgin Biomass; Terrestrial
Aquatic2.1.1.2 Waste Biomass; Municipal Wastes; Agricultural Solid Wastes; Forestry Residues; 2.1.2 Chemical-Physical Composition; 2.1.3 Composition of Biomass; 2.1.3.1 "Proximate" Analysis; 2.1.3.2 Elementary Composition; 2.1.4 Heating Value; 2.2 Biomass Productivity and Energy Value; 2.2.1 Chlorophyll Photosynthesis; 2.2.2 Efficiency; 2.2.3 Production and Biomass Energy Yield; 2.2.4 Worldwide Productivity; 2.2.5 Limitations of Energy Production from Biomass; References; 3 Biomass Conversion Technologies: Fast Pyrolysis Liquids from Biomass: Quality and Upgrading; Abstract
3.1 Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis and Bio-oil3.1.1 Introduction; 3.2 Fast Pyrolysis Technology; 3.2.1 Principles; 3.2.2 Fast Pyrolysis Reactors; 3.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Beds; 3.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Beds and Transported Beds; 3.2.2.3 Ablative Pyrolysis; 3.2.2.4 Other Reaction Systems; 3.3 Liquid Characteristics and Quality; 3.3.1 Bio-oil General Characteristics; 3.3.2 Upgrading Bio-oil; 3.4 Significant Factors Affecting Bio-oil Characteristics and Quality; 3.4.1 Feed Material; 3.4.1.1 Ash Content and Composition; 3.4.1.2 Water Content of Prepared Biomass; 3.4.1.3 Composition of Biomass
3.4.1.4 Contamination of Biomass3.4.2 Reactors; 3.5 Norms and Standards; 3.6 Bio-oil Upgrading; 3.6.1 Acidity or Low pH; 3.6.2 Ageing; 3.6.3 Alkali Metals; 3.6.4 Char; 3.6.4.1 Cyclones; 3.6.4.2 Filtration; 3.6.4.3 Slurries; 3.6.5 Chlorine; 3.6.6 Colour; 3.6.7 Contamination of Feed; 3.6.8 Distillability; 3.6.9 High Viscosity; 3.6.10 Inhomogeneity; 3.6.11 Low H:C Ratio; 3.6.12 Low pH; 3.6.13 Materials Incompatibility; 3.6.14 Miscibility with Hydrocarbons; 3.6.14.1 Blending; 3.6.14.2 Emulsions; 3.6.15 Nitrogen; 3.6.16 Other Solid Particulates, Excluding Char; 3.6.17 Oxygen Content
3.6.18 Phase Separation or Inhomogeneity3.6.19 Smell; 3.6.20 Structure of Bio-oil; 3.6.21 Sulphur; 3.6.22 Temperature Sensitivity; 3.6.23 Toxicity; 3.6.24 Viscosity; 3.6.25 Water Content; 3.7 Chemical and Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil; 3.7.1 Physical Upgrading of Bio-oil; 3.7.1.1 Filtration; 3.7.1.2 Solvent Addition; 3.7.1.3 Emulsions; 3.7.2 Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil; 3.7.2.1 Natural Ash in Biomass; 3.7.2.2 Upgrading to Biofuels; 3.7.2.3 Hydrotreating; 3.7.2.4 Zeolite Cracking; Integrated Catalytic Pyrolysis; Decoupled Vapour Upgrading from Volatilisation of Bio-oil
Aquatic2.1.1.2 Waste Biomass; Municipal Wastes; Agricultural Solid Wastes; Forestry Residues; 2.1.2 Chemical-Physical Composition; 2.1.3 Composition of Biomass; 2.1.3.1 "Proximate" Analysis; 2.1.3.2 Elementary Composition; 2.1.4 Heating Value; 2.2 Biomass Productivity and Energy Value; 2.2.1 Chlorophyll Photosynthesis; 2.2.2 Efficiency; 2.2.3 Production and Biomass Energy Yield; 2.2.4 Worldwide Productivity; 2.2.5 Limitations of Energy Production from Biomass; References; 3 Biomass Conversion Technologies: Fast Pyrolysis Liquids from Biomass: Quality and Upgrading; Abstract
3.1 Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis and Bio-oil3.1.1 Introduction; 3.2 Fast Pyrolysis Technology; 3.2.1 Principles; 3.2.2 Fast Pyrolysis Reactors; 3.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Beds; 3.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Beds and Transported Beds; 3.2.2.3 Ablative Pyrolysis; 3.2.2.4 Other Reaction Systems; 3.3 Liquid Characteristics and Quality; 3.3.1 Bio-oil General Characteristics; 3.3.2 Upgrading Bio-oil; 3.4 Significant Factors Affecting Bio-oil Characteristics and Quality; 3.4.1 Feed Material; 3.4.1.1 Ash Content and Composition; 3.4.1.2 Water Content of Prepared Biomass; 3.4.1.3 Composition of Biomass
3.4.1.4 Contamination of Biomass3.4.2 Reactors; 3.5 Norms and Standards; 3.6 Bio-oil Upgrading; 3.6.1 Acidity or Low pH; 3.6.2 Ageing; 3.6.3 Alkali Metals; 3.6.4 Char; 3.6.4.1 Cyclones; 3.6.4.2 Filtration; 3.6.4.3 Slurries; 3.6.5 Chlorine; 3.6.6 Colour; 3.6.7 Contamination of Feed; 3.6.8 Distillability; 3.6.9 High Viscosity; 3.6.10 Inhomogeneity; 3.6.11 Low H:C Ratio; 3.6.12 Low pH; 3.6.13 Materials Incompatibility; 3.6.14 Miscibility with Hydrocarbons; 3.6.14.1 Blending; 3.6.14.2 Emulsions; 3.6.15 Nitrogen; 3.6.16 Other Solid Particulates, Excluding Char; 3.6.17 Oxygen Content
3.6.18 Phase Separation or Inhomogeneity3.6.19 Smell; 3.6.20 Structure of Bio-oil; 3.6.21 Sulphur; 3.6.22 Temperature Sensitivity; 3.6.23 Toxicity; 3.6.24 Viscosity; 3.6.25 Water Content; 3.7 Chemical and Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil; 3.7.1 Physical Upgrading of Bio-oil; 3.7.1.1 Filtration; 3.7.1.2 Solvent Addition; 3.7.1.3 Emulsions; 3.7.2 Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil; 3.7.2.1 Natural Ash in Biomass; 3.7.2.2 Upgrading to Biofuels; 3.7.2.3 Hydrotreating; 3.7.2.4 Zeolite Cracking; Integrated Catalytic Pyrolysis; Decoupled Vapour Upgrading from Volatilisation of Bio-oil