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The Concept of Biofilm-Related Implant Malfunction and 'Low-Grade Infection; 1 Introduction; 2 Biofouling in Industry and Working Machines; 3 Biofilms and Biofouling in Implanted Biomaterials; 4 Biofilm-Related Malfunction, Low- and High-Grade Infection and Thresholds for Clinical Interference; 4.1 Subclinical Contamination and Implant Malfunction; 4.2 Low-Grade Infection; 4.3 High-Grade Infection; 5 Conclusions; References; Mechanisms of Bacterial Colonization of Implants and Host Response; 1 Introduction; 2 Bacteria and Host: A Complex and Multifaceted Relationship
3 Colonization of Implants: The First Step of Implant Infection4 Inflammation: An Essential and Telling Response to Infection; 5 The Host Response to Bacterial Infection; 6 Host Defense Against Bacterial Biofilms; 7 When and Why Biofilms Cause Implant-Associated Infections?; References; Animal Models of Implant-Related Low-Grade Infections. A Twenty-Year Review; 1 Introduction; 2 Methods: Inclusion Criteria and Search Strategy; 3 Results and Discussion; 3.1 Animal Species, Bacterial Strain, Site of Inoculum and Type of Implants
3.2 Animal Models of Orthopedic Infections Induced by Highly Virulent Pathogens at Low Bacterial Inocula3.2.1 Models of Post-traumatic Osteomyelitis by Direct Injection of Bacterial Suspensions; 3.2.2 Models of Osteomyelitis by Bacterial-Loaded Carriers; 3.2.3 Models of Implant-Related Orthopedic Infections: Intramedullary Devices; 3.2.4 Models of Intramedullary Antimicrobial Treatment of Implant-Related Infections; 3.2.5 Models of Implant-Related Orthopedic Infections: Unicortical Bone Defects; 3.2.6 Models of Osteomyelitis in Synthesized Fractures
3.3 Animal Models of Orthopedic Infections Induced by Low Virulent Pathogens4 Conclusions; References; Microbiological Diagnosis of Implant-Related Infections: Scientific Evidence and Cost/Benefit Analysis of Routine Antibiofilm Processing; 1 Introduction; 2 Microbial Etiology of PJIs; 2.1 Biofilm Related Infections; 2.2 Microorganisms Responsible of PJIs; 2.2.1 Staphylococci; 2.2.2 Enterococci; 2.2.3 Streptococci; 2.2.4 Gram Negative Bacilli; 2.2.5 Anaerobes; 2.2.6 Uncommon Microorganisms; 3 Microbiological Diagnosis; 3.1 Preoperative Cultures; 3.2 Intra-operative Cultures
3.2.1 Periprosthetic Tissues3.2.2 Sampling by Swabs; 3.2.3 Prosthetic Implants; 3.2.4 Gram Staining; 3.2.5 Susceptibility Testing; 3.3 Molecular Analysis; 4 National Recommendations for Diagnosis of PJIs; 5 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Microbiological Diagnosis; 6 Conclusions; References; The Role of Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Implant-Related Infections in Orthopaedics and Trauma; 1 Introduction; 2 Conventional Diagnostic Tools for PJI Diagnosis; 3 Biomarkers in Medicine; 4 Biomarkers of Periprosthetic Joint Infection; 4.1 Serum Biomarkers; 4.2 Synovial Biomarkers
3 Colonization of Implants: The First Step of Implant Infection4 Inflammation: An Essential and Telling Response to Infection; 5 The Host Response to Bacterial Infection; 6 Host Defense Against Bacterial Biofilms; 7 When and Why Biofilms Cause Implant-Associated Infections?; References; Animal Models of Implant-Related Low-Grade Infections. A Twenty-Year Review; 1 Introduction; 2 Methods: Inclusion Criteria and Search Strategy; 3 Results and Discussion; 3.1 Animal Species, Bacterial Strain, Site of Inoculum and Type of Implants
3.2 Animal Models of Orthopedic Infections Induced by Highly Virulent Pathogens at Low Bacterial Inocula3.2.1 Models of Post-traumatic Osteomyelitis by Direct Injection of Bacterial Suspensions; 3.2.2 Models of Osteomyelitis by Bacterial-Loaded Carriers; 3.2.3 Models of Implant-Related Orthopedic Infections: Intramedullary Devices; 3.2.4 Models of Intramedullary Antimicrobial Treatment of Implant-Related Infections; 3.2.5 Models of Implant-Related Orthopedic Infections: Unicortical Bone Defects; 3.2.6 Models of Osteomyelitis in Synthesized Fractures
3.3 Animal Models of Orthopedic Infections Induced by Low Virulent Pathogens4 Conclusions; References; Microbiological Diagnosis of Implant-Related Infections: Scientific Evidence and Cost/Benefit Analysis of Routine Antibiofilm Processing; 1 Introduction; 2 Microbial Etiology of PJIs; 2.1 Biofilm Related Infections; 2.2 Microorganisms Responsible of PJIs; 2.2.1 Staphylococci; 2.2.2 Enterococci; 2.2.3 Streptococci; 2.2.4 Gram Negative Bacilli; 2.2.5 Anaerobes; 2.2.6 Uncommon Microorganisms; 3 Microbiological Diagnosis; 3.1 Preoperative Cultures; 3.2 Intra-operative Cultures
3.2.1 Periprosthetic Tissues3.2.2 Sampling by Swabs; 3.2.3 Prosthetic Implants; 3.2.4 Gram Staining; 3.2.5 Susceptibility Testing; 3.3 Molecular Analysis; 4 National Recommendations for Diagnosis of PJIs; 5 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Microbiological Diagnosis; 6 Conclusions; References; The Role of Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Implant-Related Infections in Orthopaedics and Trauma; 1 Introduction; 2 Conventional Diagnostic Tools for PJI Diagnosis; 3 Biomarkers in Medicine; 4 Biomarkers of Periprosthetic Joint Infection; 4.1 Serum Biomarkers; 4.2 Synovial Biomarkers