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Table of Contents
Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Abbreviations; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Research Questions; 1.2 Structure of the Thesis; 1.3 Terminology; Chapter 2: State Responsibility and the Criminal Liability of the Individual; 2.1 Nuremberg: Setting the Stage; 2.2 International Criminal Law: A Collision of Legal Systems; Chapter 3: Nullum Crimen Sine Lege; 3.1 Preliminary Remarks; 3.2 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and Domestic Law; 3.3 The Four Guarantees of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege; 3.4 Theoretical and Philosophical Foundations
3.5 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the IMT Nuremberg and the IMTFE Tokyo3.6 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and Post World War II US Military Tribunals; 3.7 Changing the Picture? Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and Its Inclusion in Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law Conventions; 3.8 The Obligation of International Criminal Tribunals to Comply with Nullum Crimen Sine Lege; 3.9 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege in International Criminal Law: A sui generis Principle?; 3.10 The Guarantees of the Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Principle in International Criminal Law: The Principle of Nullum Crimen Sin...
3.10.1 Preliminary Remarks3.10.2 The Quest for Applicable Law; 3.10.3 The scripta Requirement and the Sources of International Law: International Conventions as the Sole Legal Basis for Ind...; 3.10.4 The stricta Requirement and the Sources of International Law; 3.10.5 The praevia Requirement and the Sources of International Law; 3.10.5.1 The Shift from Substantive Justice to Strict Legality; 3.10.5.2 The praevia Requirement and International Conventions; 3.10.5.3 The praevia Requirement and General Principles of Law; 3.10.5.4 The praevia Requirement and Customary International Law
3.10.6 The certa Requirement and the Sources of International Law3.10.6.1 The Two Facets of the certa Requirement; 3.10.6.2 The certa Requirement as an Imperative for Improvement; 3.10.6.3 The certa Requirement as a Safeguard Requirement for the Individual; 3.10.6.3.1 The certa Requirement and the Moral Blameworthiness; 3.10.6.3.2 The certa Requirement and the General Sense of the Underlying Criminality; 3.10.6.3.3 The certa Requirement and the Concrete Underlying International Criminal Norm; 3.10.6.3.4 Legal Assessment of These Three Approaches to Establish the certa Requirement
3.10.6.4 The certa Requirement and Customary International Criminal Law3.11 Concluding Remarks on the Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Iure; Chapter 4: The Formation of Customary International Law and Its Methodological Challenges; 4.1 Preliminary Remarks; 4.2 Traditional Customary International Law; 4.2.1 State Practice Under a Traditional Interpretation; 4.2.2 Opinio Iuris Under a Traditional Interpretation; 4.2.3 Traditional Customary International Law: Practical Concerns and Its Slow Development; 4.3 Modern Customary International Law; 4.3.1 Preliminary Remarks
3.5 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the IMT Nuremberg and the IMTFE Tokyo3.6 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and Post World War II US Military Tribunals; 3.7 Changing the Picture? Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and Its Inclusion in Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law Conventions; 3.8 The Obligation of International Criminal Tribunals to Comply with Nullum Crimen Sine Lege; 3.9 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege in International Criminal Law: A sui generis Principle?; 3.10 The Guarantees of the Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Principle in International Criminal Law: The Principle of Nullum Crimen Sin...
3.10.1 Preliminary Remarks3.10.2 The Quest for Applicable Law; 3.10.3 The scripta Requirement and the Sources of International Law: International Conventions as the Sole Legal Basis for Ind...; 3.10.4 The stricta Requirement and the Sources of International Law; 3.10.5 The praevia Requirement and the Sources of International Law; 3.10.5.1 The Shift from Substantive Justice to Strict Legality; 3.10.5.2 The praevia Requirement and International Conventions; 3.10.5.3 The praevia Requirement and General Principles of Law; 3.10.5.4 The praevia Requirement and Customary International Law
3.10.6 The certa Requirement and the Sources of International Law3.10.6.1 The Two Facets of the certa Requirement; 3.10.6.2 The certa Requirement as an Imperative for Improvement; 3.10.6.3 The certa Requirement as a Safeguard Requirement for the Individual; 3.10.6.3.1 The certa Requirement and the Moral Blameworthiness; 3.10.6.3.2 The certa Requirement and the General Sense of the Underlying Criminality; 3.10.6.3.3 The certa Requirement and the Concrete Underlying International Criminal Norm; 3.10.6.3.4 Legal Assessment of These Three Approaches to Establish the certa Requirement
3.10.6.4 The certa Requirement and Customary International Criminal Law3.11 Concluding Remarks on the Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Iure; Chapter 4: The Formation of Customary International Law and Its Methodological Challenges; 4.1 Preliminary Remarks; 4.2 Traditional Customary International Law; 4.2.1 State Practice Under a Traditional Interpretation; 4.2.2 Opinio Iuris Under a Traditional Interpretation; 4.2.3 Traditional Customary International Law: Practical Concerns and Its Slow Development; 4.3 Modern Customary International Law; 4.3.1 Preliminary Remarks