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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; Part I: Adipose Tissue Biology and Crosstalks; Chapter 1: Function and Dysfunction of Adipose Tissue; 1.1 Adipose Tissue Structure; 1.2 Metabolic Functions of the Adipose Tissue; 1.2.1 Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake and Storage in Adipocytes; 1.2.2 Cholesterol Fluxes; 1.3 Endocrine Function of the Adipose Tissue; 1.3.1 Leptin; 1.3.2 Adiponectin; 1.3.3 Resistin; 1.3.4 Other Adipose Tissue Products; 1.4 Dysregulation of Adipose Tissue Function in Obesity; 1.4.1 Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism; 1.4.2 Adipose Tissue Hypoxia
2.2 Brain Circuits of Food Intake Regulation2.2.1 Hypothalamus; 2.2.1.1 Arcuate Nucleus; 2.2.1.2 Paraventricular Nucleus; 2.2.1.3 Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Dorsomedial Hypothalamus; 2.2.1.4 Lateral Hypothalamic Area; 2.2.1.5 Glucose and Lipid Sense Neurons; 2.2.2 Brainstem; 2.2.3 Brain Reward Circuits; 2.3 Neuronal and Humoral Outputs to the Peripheral Organs; 2.3.1 Central Nervous System and White Adipose Tissue; 2.3.2 Central Nervous System and Brown Adipose Tissue; 2.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 3: Neuroendocrinology of Adipose Tissue and Gut-Brain Axis; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gastrointestinal Signals to the Brain3.2.1 Orexigenic Factors; 3.2.1.1 Ghrelin; 3.2.1.2 Endocannabinoids; 3.2.2 Anorexigenic Factors; 3.2.2.1 Cholecystokinin; 3.2.2.2 Glucagon-like-Peptide-1; 3.2.2.3 Glucagon-like Peptide-2; 3.2.2.4 Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine; 3.2.2.5 Oxyntomodulin; 3.2.2.6 Gastric Leptin; 3.2.2.7 Apolipoprotein-IV; 3.2.2.8 Neurotensin; 3.2.2.9 Secretin; 3.2.2.10 GUT Microbiota; 3.3 Endocrine Pancreas-Derived Signals to the Brain; 3.3.1 Insulin; 3.3.2 Glucagon; 3.3.3 Amylin; 3.3.4 Pancreatic Polypeptide; 3.4 Adipose Tissue-Derived Signals to the Brain; 3.4.1 Leptin
3.4.2 Adiponectin3.4.3 Resistin; 3.4.4 Apelin; 3.5 Concluding Remarks; References; Part II: Obesity as a Risk Factor for Neurological Disease; Chapter 4: Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Obesity and Metabolic Disorders; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Changes of Hypothalamic Food Intake Regulation Controlled by the Hypothalamus; 4.2.1 Obesity Induces Insulin, Leptin, and Ghrelin Resistance in the Hypothalamus; 4.2.1.1 Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance in Obesity; 4.2.1.2 Hypothalamic Leptin Resistance in Obesity; 4.2.1.3 Hypothalamic Ghrelin Resistance in Obesity
2.2 Brain Circuits of Food Intake Regulation2.2.1 Hypothalamus; 2.2.1.1 Arcuate Nucleus; 2.2.1.2 Paraventricular Nucleus; 2.2.1.3 Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Dorsomedial Hypothalamus; 2.2.1.4 Lateral Hypothalamic Area; 2.2.1.5 Glucose and Lipid Sense Neurons; 2.2.2 Brainstem; 2.2.3 Brain Reward Circuits; 2.3 Neuronal and Humoral Outputs to the Peripheral Organs; 2.3.1 Central Nervous System and White Adipose Tissue; 2.3.2 Central Nervous System and Brown Adipose Tissue; 2.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 3: Neuroendocrinology of Adipose Tissue and Gut-Brain Axis; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gastrointestinal Signals to the Brain3.2.1 Orexigenic Factors; 3.2.1.1 Ghrelin; 3.2.1.2 Endocannabinoids; 3.2.2 Anorexigenic Factors; 3.2.2.1 Cholecystokinin; 3.2.2.2 Glucagon-like-Peptide-1; 3.2.2.3 Glucagon-like Peptide-2; 3.2.2.4 Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine; 3.2.2.5 Oxyntomodulin; 3.2.2.6 Gastric Leptin; 3.2.2.7 Apolipoprotein-IV; 3.2.2.8 Neurotensin; 3.2.2.9 Secretin; 3.2.2.10 GUT Microbiota; 3.3 Endocrine Pancreas-Derived Signals to the Brain; 3.3.1 Insulin; 3.3.2 Glucagon; 3.3.3 Amylin; 3.3.4 Pancreatic Polypeptide; 3.4 Adipose Tissue-Derived Signals to the Brain; 3.4.1 Leptin
3.4.2 Adiponectin3.4.3 Resistin; 3.4.4 Apelin; 3.5 Concluding Remarks; References; Part II: Obesity as a Risk Factor for Neurological Disease; Chapter 4: Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Obesity and Metabolic Disorders; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Changes of Hypothalamic Food Intake Regulation Controlled by the Hypothalamus; 4.2.1 Obesity Induces Insulin, Leptin, and Ghrelin Resistance in the Hypothalamus; 4.2.1.1 Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance in Obesity; 4.2.1.2 Hypothalamic Leptin Resistance in Obesity; 4.2.1.3 Hypothalamic Ghrelin Resistance in Obesity