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Table of Contents
Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Preface; Authors; 1. Introduction: Significance of Work Measurement; 1.1 What Is Work?; 1.2 Factors Adding Work Content to a Product (or Activity); 1.2.1 Product Design; 1.2.2 Lack of Standardization and Incorrect Quality Standards; 1.2.3 Poor Choice of Process or Method of Operation; 1.2.4 Reducing Waste; 1.2.5 Poor Management and Poor Worker Performance; 1.3 What Is Work Measurement?; 1.4 Why Is It Important to Measure Work?; 1.4.1 Product Design; 1.4.2 Equipment, Tool, Fixture, and Jig Design; 1.4.3 Selection of Equipment and Tools.
1.4.4 Processing and Operations Planning1.4.5 Production Scheduling; 1.4.6 Labor Requirement; 1.4.7 Wages and Wage Incentives; 1.4.8 Comparison of Work Methods and Task Evaluations; 1.4.9 Preparing Budget, Controlling Costs, and Establishing Selling Price; 1.4.10 Facilities Design; 1.5 Summary; 2. Prior to Measuring Work: Minimizing Inefficiencies; 2.1 Selecting Job or Activity to Be Studied; 2.2 Recording the Existing Work Method; 2.2.1 Outline Process Charts; 2.2.2 Flow Process Chart; 2.2.3 The Two-Handed Process Chart; 2.2.4 Procedure Flowchart; 2.2.5 Multiple Activity Chart.
2.2.6 Gang Chart2.2.7 Simultaneous Motion Cycle (SIMO) Chart; 2.2.8 Flow Diagram; 2.2.9 String Diagram; 2.2.10 Cyclegraphs and Chronocyclegraphs; 2.2.11 Travel Charts; 2.3 Examining the Recorded Information; 2.3.1 Ishikawa or Fishbone Diagrams; 2.3.2 The Questioning Technique; 2.3.3 Operation Analysis; 2.4 Making Improvements; 2.5 Workstation Design; 2.5.1 Static Work/Loads and Fixed Working Postures; 2.5.2 Repetitive Trauma Disorders; 2.5.3 Work Height; 2.5.4 Providing an Adjustable Chair; 2.5.5 Feet/Legs and Hands; 2.5.6 Gravity; 2.5.7 Momentum.
2.5.8 Principles of Motion Economy and Hand Motions2.5.9 Dominant Hand; 2.5.10 Working Area; 2.5.11 Physical "Fit"; 2.6 Summary; 3. The Basics of Time Study; 3.1 Selecting the Job to Be Timed; 3.2 Recording the Information; 3.2.1 Breaking the Job into Elements; 3.2.2 Timing the Elements; 3.2.3 Rating; 3.2.4 Allowances; 3.3 Determining the Time Standard; 3.4 Determining Standard Time When Working with Machines; 3.5 A Time Study Example; 4. Allowances; 4.1 Personal Allowances; 4.2 Delay Allowances; 4.3 Fatigue Allowances; 4.3.1 Physiological Fatigue Allowances.
4.3.2 Psychological Fatigue Allowances4.3.3 Environmental Fatigue Allowances; 5. Work Sampling; 5.1 The Concept of Work Sampling; 5.2 Advantages of Work Sampling; 5.3 Disadvantages of Work Sampling; 5.4 Procedure for Conducting a Work Sampling Study; 5.5 Accuracy and Precision of Work Sampling; 5.6 Control Charts in Work Sampling; 5.7 Allowances; 5.8 Performance and Cost Evaluation Program; 5.9 Examples of Work Sampling; 5.10 Summary; 6. Predetermined Motion Time System (PMTS); 6.1 The Basic Concept of PMTS; 6.2 Method Time Measurement; 6.3 Procedure to Apply MTM; 6.4 Work Factor.
1.4.4 Processing and Operations Planning1.4.5 Production Scheduling; 1.4.6 Labor Requirement; 1.4.7 Wages and Wage Incentives; 1.4.8 Comparison of Work Methods and Task Evaluations; 1.4.9 Preparing Budget, Controlling Costs, and Establishing Selling Price; 1.4.10 Facilities Design; 1.5 Summary; 2. Prior to Measuring Work: Minimizing Inefficiencies; 2.1 Selecting Job or Activity to Be Studied; 2.2 Recording the Existing Work Method; 2.2.1 Outline Process Charts; 2.2.2 Flow Process Chart; 2.2.3 The Two-Handed Process Chart; 2.2.4 Procedure Flowchart; 2.2.5 Multiple Activity Chart.
2.2.6 Gang Chart2.2.7 Simultaneous Motion Cycle (SIMO) Chart; 2.2.8 Flow Diagram; 2.2.9 String Diagram; 2.2.10 Cyclegraphs and Chronocyclegraphs; 2.2.11 Travel Charts; 2.3 Examining the Recorded Information; 2.3.1 Ishikawa or Fishbone Diagrams; 2.3.2 The Questioning Technique; 2.3.3 Operation Analysis; 2.4 Making Improvements; 2.5 Workstation Design; 2.5.1 Static Work/Loads and Fixed Working Postures; 2.5.2 Repetitive Trauma Disorders; 2.5.3 Work Height; 2.5.4 Providing an Adjustable Chair; 2.5.5 Feet/Legs and Hands; 2.5.6 Gravity; 2.5.7 Momentum.
2.5.8 Principles of Motion Economy and Hand Motions2.5.9 Dominant Hand; 2.5.10 Working Area; 2.5.11 Physical "Fit"; 2.6 Summary; 3. The Basics of Time Study; 3.1 Selecting the Job to Be Timed; 3.2 Recording the Information; 3.2.1 Breaking the Job into Elements; 3.2.2 Timing the Elements; 3.2.3 Rating; 3.2.4 Allowances; 3.3 Determining the Time Standard; 3.4 Determining Standard Time When Working with Machines; 3.5 A Time Study Example; 4. Allowances; 4.1 Personal Allowances; 4.2 Delay Allowances; 4.3 Fatigue Allowances; 4.3.1 Physiological Fatigue Allowances.
4.3.2 Psychological Fatigue Allowances4.3.3 Environmental Fatigue Allowances; 5. Work Sampling; 5.1 The Concept of Work Sampling; 5.2 Advantages of Work Sampling; 5.3 Disadvantages of Work Sampling; 5.4 Procedure for Conducting a Work Sampling Study; 5.5 Accuracy and Precision of Work Sampling; 5.6 Control Charts in Work Sampling; 5.7 Allowances; 5.8 Performance and Cost Evaluation Program; 5.9 Examples of Work Sampling; 5.10 Summary; 6. Predetermined Motion Time System (PMTS); 6.1 The Basic Concept of PMTS; 6.2 Method Time Measurement; 6.3 Procedure to Apply MTM; 6.4 Work Factor.