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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Etiology; 1.3 Virus-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis; 1.3.1 HBV; 1.3.2 HCV; 1.4 NAFLD Cirrhosis-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis; 1.5 Toxin-Mediated Hepatocarcinogenesis; 1.5.1 Alcohol Induced; 1.5.2 Aflatoxin-B1 Induced; 1.6 Common Themes; 1.7 Molecular Mechanisms; 1.7.1 Methylation; 1.7.2 MET and HGF; 1.7.3 ErbB Receptor Family; 1.7.4 B-Catenin; 1.7.5 p53 Tumor Suppression; References.
2: Histologic Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications2.1 Conventional Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC); 2.2 Small HCC; 2.3 Special Histologic Subtypes; 2.3.1 Fibrolamellar HCC; 2.3.2 Scirrhous HCC; 2.3.3 Steatohepatitic HCC; 2.3.4 Lymphoepithelioma-Like HCC (LEL-HCC); 2.3.5 Sarcomatoid HCC; 2.3.6 Undifferentiated Carcinoma; 2.3.7 Diffuse Cirrhosis-Like HCC (CL-HCC); 2.3.8 Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma; 2.4 Grading and Staging; 2.4.1 Grading HCC; 2.4.2 Staging HCC; References.
3: Molecular Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Precision Medicine3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Molecular Alterations; 3.2.1 TERT; 3.2.2 Wnt/β-Catenin; 3.2.3 p53; 3.2.4 CDKN2A (p16); 3.2.5 AXIN1 and 2; 3.2.6 RAS; 3.2.7 MET; 3.2.8 TGFβ; 3.2.9 VEGFA; 3.2.10 EpCAM; 3.2.11 PTEN; 3.2.12 Epigenetic Alterations; 3.2.13 Chromosome Instability; 3.3 Molecular Classification; 3.3.1 Overview; 3.3.2 Proliferation Class; 3.3.3 Nonproliferation Class; References; 4: Genomics Studies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Next-Generation Sequencing.
4.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Heterogeneity4.1.1 HCC Heterogeneity in Etiology; 4.1.2 HCC Heterogeneity in Clinical Presentation; 4.1.3 HCC Heterogeneity at the Biological Level; 4.2 Next-Generation Sequencing System; 4.2.1 Roche 454 Sequencing; 4.2.2 Illumina Sequencing; 4.2.3 SOLiD Sequencing; 4.2.4 Ion Personal Genome Machine; 4.2.5 The Third-Generation Sequencers; 4.3 HCC Genomics Studies via NGS Technology; 4.3.1 HCC Viral Risk Factors in Viral-Related HCCs; HBV Integration in HBV-Related HCCs; HCV Quasispecies Diversity in Chronic Liver Disease and HCC.
4.3.2 Mutational Landscapes in HCCWNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway and P53 Pathway; Chromatin Regulators; PI3K/Akt/mTOR-Pathway and MAPK Pathway; Others; 4.3.3 Expression Profiles of HCC; 4.3.4 Epigenetic Alterations in HCC; 4.3.5 Potential Clinical Utilization in HCC; 4.4 Conclusion and Prospective; References; 5: Epigenetic Regulations in the Pathogenesis of HCC and the Clinical Application; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Epigenetics; 5.2.1 DNA Methylation; 5.2.2 Micro RNAs; 5.2.3 Histone Modifications and Histone Variants; 5.3 Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
2: Histologic Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications2.1 Conventional Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC); 2.2 Small HCC; 2.3 Special Histologic Subtypes; 2.3.1 Fibrolamellar HCC; 2.3.2 Scirrhous HCC; 2.3.3 Steatohepatitic HCC; 2.3.4 Lymphoepithelioma-Like HCC (LEL-HCC); 2.3.5 Sarcomatoid HCC; 2.3.6 Undifferentiated Carcinoma; 2.3.7 Diffuse Cirrhosis-Like HCC (CL-HCC); 2.3.8 Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma; 2.4 Grading and Staging; 2.4.1 Grading HCC; 2.4.2 Staging HCC; References.
3: Molecular Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Precision Medicine3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Molecular Alterations; 3.2.1 TERT; 3.2.2 Wnt/β-Catenin; 3.2.3 p53; 3.2.4 CDKN2A (p16); 3.2.5 AXIN1 and 2; 3.2.6 RAS; 3.2.7 MET; 3.2.8 TGFβ; 3.2.9 VEGFA; 3.2.10 EpCAM; 3.2.11 PTEN; 3.2.12 Epigenetic Alterations; 3.2.13 Chromosome Instability; 3.3 Molecular Classification; 3.3.1 Overview; 3.3.2 Proliferation Class; 3.3.3 Nonproliferation Class; References; 4: Genomics Studies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Next-Generation Sequencing.
4.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Heterogeneity4.1.1 HCC Heterogeneity in Etiology; 4.1.2 HCC Heterogeneity in Clinical Presentation; 4.1.3 HCC Heterogeneity at the Biological Level; 4.2 Next-Generation Sequencing System; 4.2.1 Roche 454 Sequencing; 4.2.2 Illumina Sequencing; 4.2.3 SOLiD Sequencing; 4.2.4 Ion Personal Genome Machine; 4.2.5 The Third-Generation Sequencers; 4.3 HCC Genomics Studies via NGS Technology; 4.3.1 HCC Viral Risk Factors in Viral-Related HCCs; HBV Integration in HBV-Related HCCs; HCV Quasispecies Diversity in Chronic Liver Disease and HCC.
4.3.2 Mutational Landscapes in HCCWNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway and P53 Pathway; Chromatin Regulators; PI3K/Akt/mTOR-Pathway and MAPK Pathway; Others; 4.3.3 Expression Profiles of HCC; 4.3.4 Epigenetic Alterations in HCC; 4.3.5 Potential Clinical Utilization in HCC; 4.4 Conclusion and Prospective; References; 5: Epigenetic Regulations in the Pathogenesis of HCC and the Clinical Application; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Epigenetics; 5.2.1 DNA Methylation; 5.2.2 Micro RNAs; 5.2.3 Histone Modifications and Histone Variants; 5.3 Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma.